• This transcription is an ongoing process and I'll be posting new sections when finished. All FIGURES (images) from Part III onward have been transferred to DeWittFinalReport02.html for the present (making that a slow-loading page); therefore, the links in the "Index to Figures" are invalid. All photo images from Part IX Pictorial Summary have been posted to DeWittFinalReport03.html. All Tables are being posted to DeWittFinalReport04.html.
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• Updated May 25, 2010

FINAL REPORT

JAPANESE EVACUATION
FROM THE WEST COAST
1942

Table of Contents

FOREWORD

HEADQUARTERS WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND
AND FOURTH ARMY

FINAL REPORT

JAPANESE EVACUATION

FROM THE WEST COAST

1942

PART I

EVACUATION -- ITS MILITARY NECESSITY

CHAPTER I

Action Under Alien Enemy Proclamations

"Following is a summary of the principles applicable and procedure to be followed in the implementation of the proclamations of the President dated December 7th and 8th, 1941, and the instructions and regulations of the Attorney General, respecting alien enemies in the Western Theater of Operations. These principles and procedure were formulated in conferences during the past week between Lieutenant General J. L. DeWitt, Commanding General of the Western Theater of Operations, Mr. James Rowe, special representative of the Attorney General of the United States, Mr. N. J. L. Pieper, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Major Karl R. Bendetsen, J.A.G.D., Office of the Provost Marshal General.

"1. Restricted Areas: The Attorney General will designate restricted areas. He will entertain Army recommendations. He will require the Army to determine the exact description of each restricted area. What further requirements he will make will depend in large measure upon the nature of the area involved and the extent of alien enemy population in such area. Indications are that, should Army recommendations include areas in which there is resident a large number of alien enemies and evacuation will thereby be rendered necessary, he will also require the submission of detailed plans for evacuation and resettlement. The Army has expressed disinclination to compliance on its part with such a requirement for the reason that the Justice Department will undertake an alien enemy registration and will have in its possession all the information essential for planning purposes once the proposed restricted areas have been made known to that Department by the Army.

"2. Alien Enemy Registration: The Department of Justice is committed to an alien enemy registration with the least practicable delay. It is understood that registration will include provision for finger printing, photographing, and other information to be filed locally and probably with local police, as well as at a central office, such information to be compiled alphabetically, by nationality and race as well as geographical.

"3. Apprehension: United States Attorneys have been or will be instructed to issue apprehension warrants upon application of the F.B.I., special agents in charge. F.B.I. agents in charge will entertain Army requests for apprehensions submitted in writing, or, if time does not permit, oral requests which shall be confirmed later in writing. In any case where an alien enemy is found in violation of any of the provisions of the proclamation or any part of the regulations of the Attorney General thereunder, he is subject to summary apprehension with or without a warrant. Presumably at least he is subject to summary apprehension by the Army as well as by the civil authorities. Example: A known alien enemy in possession of contraband is subject to summary apprehension without a warrant. Example: An alien enemy found within a restricted area without authority is subject to apprehension.

"In an emergency apprehensions may be made without a warrant.

"4. Searches and Seizures: A warrant authorizing the search of the premises of an alien enemy for the presence of contraband may be obtained merely on application to the United States Attorney. It is only necessary to support the issuance of such a warrant that it be stated that the premises are those of an alien enemy. In an emergency where the time is insufficient in which to procure a warrant, such premises may be searched without a warrant.

"5. Mixed Occupancy Dwellings: The search of mixed occupancy premises or dwellings may be by warrant only. In emergencies involving contraband such as radio transmitters, it may be necessary to keep the premises under surveillance while a search warrant is procured. As previously noted, however, in such an emergency an alien enemy's premises may be searched for contraband without a warrant.

"6. Multiple Searches: The term 'mass raid' will not be employed by the Attorney General. Instructions which have been or will be issued to United States Attorneys and to F.B.I. Special Agents will permit 'spot raids.' That is to say, if lists of known alien enemies with the addresses of each are prepared by the F.B.I., and warrants are requested to cover such lists, a search of all the premises involved may be undertaken simultaneously. Thus all of the alien enemy premises in a given area can be searched at the same moment.

"7. Much of the effective action will be facilitated by a complete registration. It is important that it go forward with dispatch. However, there should be no cessation in the vigorous implementation of the President's proclamations regarding alien enemies. It appears that considerable progress of a clarifying nature has been made. Only actual application of the streamlined mechanics can establish whether there is need for further change in the principles to be applied and the procedure to be followed."

CHAPTER II

Need for Military Control and for Evacuation

"Your recommendation of prohibited areas for Oregon and Washington include the cities of Portland, Seattle and Tacoma and therefore contemplate a mass evacuation of many thousands * * *. No reasons were given for this mass evacuation * * * I understood that * * * Lieutenant General DeWITT has been requested to supply the War Department with further details and further material before any action is taken on these recommendations. I shall, therefore, await your further advice.

"* * * The evacuation * * * from this area would, of course, present a problem of very great magnitude. The Department of Justice is not physically equipped to carry out any mass evacuation. It would mean that only the War Department has the equipment and personnel to manage the task.

"The proclamations directing the Department of Justice to apprehend, and where necessary, evacuate alien enemies, do not, of course, include American citizens of the Japanese race. If they have to be evacuated, I believe that this would have to be done as a military necessity in these particular areas. Such action, therefore, should in my opinion, be taken by the War Department and not by the Department of Justice."

a. Singing of Japanese National Anthem;
b. Opening of the Emperor's portrait;
c. Reading of the Emperor's Rescript;
d. Reading of Message of Reverence;
e. Bowing heads toward Japan;
f. Shouting "Banzai" (Long live the Emperor).}

(1) Headquarters' Military Virtue Society of North America
(2) Kinyai Kumia [Kumiai] Finance Association
(3) Japanese-American News Correspondent
(4) New World Sun Correspondent
(5) Hochi Shimbun Correspondent
(6) Alvarado Japanese School
(7) Takichi Nakamura (President) Military Virtue Society of North America

(1) Military Virtue Society of North America
(2) Japanese Sunday School
(3) Hiroshima Prefectural Society
(4) Sabura Baseball Team

(1) Military Virtue Society of North America
(2) Mint Grill
(3) Suisun Fishing Club

(1) Military Virtue Society of North America
(2) Japanese School
(3) Young Men's Buddhist Association
(4) Young Women's Buddhist Association
(5) Buddhist Church

(1) Military Virtue Society of North America
(2) Japanese School
(3) Lindsay Women's Association}

"The world should realize that our military action in China is based upon the significant fact that we are forced to fight under realistic circumstances. As a matter of historical fact, whenever the Japanese government begins a military campaign, we, Japanese, must be united and everyone of us must do his part.

"As far as our patriotism is concerned, the world knows that we are superior to any other nation. However, as long as we are staying on foreign soil, what can we do for our mother country? All our courageous fighters are fighting at the front today, forgetting their parents, wives and children in their homes! It is beyond our imagination, the manner in which our imperial soldiers are sacrificing their lives at the front line, bomb after bomb, deaths after deaths! Whenever we read and hear this sad news, who can keep from crying in sympathy? Therefore, we, the Japanese in the United States, have been contributing a huge amount of money for war relief funds and numerous comforting bags for our imperial soldiers.

"Today, we, Japanese in the United States, who are not able to sacrifice our lives for our National cause are now firmly resolved to stand by to settle the present war as early as possible. We are proud to say that our daily happy life in America is dependent upon the protective power of Great Japan. We are facing a critical emergency, and we will take strong action as planned. We do hope and beg you all to cooperate with us for our National cause." {New World Sun, August 28, 1937: 4:6 10.} (Italics supplied.)

"We, the members of the Japanese Reserve Army Corps in America are resolved to do our best in support of the Japanese campaign in China and to set up an Army Relief Department For Our Mother Country." {Excerpt from Zaibei Nippon Zin [Zen] Shi, published in Japan, 1940.}

"During this emergency, you officials are doing your utmost for the Country and the Army Department is very grateful. For the establishment of peace in the Orient, it is necessary for us to adopt positive steps in China." (Ref. New World Sun, July 18, 1937: 3:1.)

"Article 3. This association is organized by the local Japanese association under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Consulate General of San Francisco." (Italics supplied.)

Kaigun Kyokai (Navy Association);
Aikoku Fujin Kai (Patriotic Women's Society);
Jugo Sekisei Kai (Behind the Gun Society or Red Heart Society);
Hokoku Kai (Society for Service to the Country);
Aikokuki Kenno Kisei Domei (Patriotic League for Contribution to the Airplane Fund);
Jugo Kai (Behind the Gun Society);
Ko-A-Sokushin Kai (Society for the Promotion of Asiatic Co-Prosperity);
Kokuryu Kai (Black Dragon Society);
Kibei Shimin Kai (Kibei Society);
Hokyoku Kai (Rising Sun Society);
Zaibei Nipponjin Kai (Japanese Association of America);
Zaibei Nipponjin Kai Renraku Nikkai Kanji Kai (United Councilor's Convention for Japanese Associations in North America);
Nanka Teikoku Gunjin Dan (Japanese Imperial Army Men's Corps of Southern California);
Jugo Haibutsu Riyodan (Behind the Gun Waste Utilization Society);
Josho Kai (Ever-Victorious or Invincible Society);
Hinode Kai (Imperial Japanese Reservists);
Hokubei Zaigo Shokuin Dan (North American Reserve Officers' Association);
Sokoku Kai (Fatherland Society);
Suiko Kai (Los Angeles Reserve Officers' Association);
Zaibei Ikuei Kai (Society of Educating the Second Generation in America).}

FIGURE 1

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II

Memorandum from the Commanding General, Western Defense Command, to the Assistant Attorney General, Mr. James Rowe, Jr.

"(a). A fix is established on a radio transmitter. Transmission of unlawful radio signals is established but the location is determined only within a defined area such as a city block. Manifestly an accurate description of the premises, the operator's name and a description of equipment can not be furnished. The operation of such a transmitter is equally unlawful on the part of a citizen, alien or an alien enemy. Unless a 'John Doe' search warrant can be obtained and obtained immediately, the consequences may be grave and the transmitter may be moved without trace. What action can be taken?

"(b). The facts are sufficient to support the issuance of an alien enemy warrant or a contraband search warrant, but the responsible law enforcement officer on the ground is unable to communicate with the issuing authority due to the lack of means or because of the time element. What action can he take?

"(c). A known alien enemy is observed, in transit, in the possession of contraband or in the possession of articles believed, for good cause, to be contraband. If a warrant is procured under present as well as proposed machinery, the quarry will be lost. What action can be taken?

"(d). The unlawful transmission of radio signals has been established through interception. A series of fixes determines the location of the transmitter within a general area, such as Monterey County. Further, there is convincing evidence of shore to enemy submarine communication. What action can be taken to isolate the area and conduct an effective search to locate the mobile unit?

"(e). An alien enemy is resident with a citizen, perhaps a relative such as a wife. While it cannot be proven that he owns or actually controls contraband it can be proven that he has unlimited access to such. The situation is as potentially dangerous as if it could be proven that he owned or actually controlled the contraband. What action can be taken?

"(f). Question arises whether access of the character description in (e) above is unlawful under the Proclamations. Assuming that it is unlawful, to what extent may the search, under a contraband search warrant, of a mixed occupancy dwelling or other premises be carried to determine access to contraband?

"(g). The dual citizen problem is perplexing. Self-serving declarations of an election are of little meaning, particularly where conduct is incompatible with the so-called election. What methods exist or what steps are in contemplation looking toward the control of

1. Dual citizens.
2. Disloyal, subversive citizens (where there has been no overt act detected).

"(h). In the opinion of the Attorney General, to what extent may the responsible Military Commander in a theatre of operations, contravene normal processes to take necessary action in an emergency in order to provide for the internal as well as the external security of his theatre -- to what extent is the Department of Justice able to take similar measures?

"(i). Military authorities are convinced of the desirability of close cooperation and collaboration between the War Department and the Department of Justice in connection with the instant subject. However, it is considered desirable to request advice as to the extent to which the Department of Justice is prepared to assume and to discharge the responsibility of taking whatever steps are necessary for the prevention of sabotage, espionage, and other fifth column activities from enemy alien courses, and the extent to which the Department of Justice will expect the military authorities to continue the outline of the necessary steps for progressive implementation of the enemy alien program.

TAB "A"

CHAPTER III

Establishment of Military Control -- Executive Order No. 9066

"February 20, 1942

"COMMANDING GENERAL,
Western Defense Command and Fourth Army,
Presidio of San Francisco, California.

"Dear General DeWitt:

"By Executive Order, dated February 19, 1942, copy inclosed, the President authorized and directed me, through the Military Commander whom I designate, to prescribe military areas for the protection of vital installations against sabotage and espionage. The cited Executive Order also authorized and directed the administering authority to impose such restrictions upon the right to enter, remain in, or leave any such areas as may be appropriate to the requirements in each instance. Accordingly, I designate you as the Military Commander to carry out the duties and responsibilities imposed by said Executive Order for that portion of the United States embraced in the Western Defense Command, including such changes in the prohibited and restricted areas heretofore designated by the Attorney General as you deem proper to prescribe.

"In carrying out your duties under this delegation, I desire, so far as military requirements permit, that you do not disturb, for the time being at least, Italian aliens and persons of Italian lineage except where they are, in your judgment, undesirable or constitute a definite danger to the performance of your mission to defend the West Coast. I ask that you take this action in respect to Italians for the reason that I consider such persons to be potentially less dangerous, as a whole, than those of other enemy nationalities. Because of the size of the Italian population and the number of troops and facilities which would have to be employed to deal with them, their inclusion in the general plan would greatly overtax our strength. In this connection it may be necessary for you to relieve Italian aliens from the necessity for compliance with the Attorney General's order respecting the California prohibited areas 1 to 88 (Category A). This may appropriately be done by designating, sufficiently in advance of February 24, the said areas as military areas and by excepting Italian aliens from the classes excluded.

"With due regard to your other missions you may use the troops you can now make available from your general command, but for this purpose the 27th Division and the 3rd Division reinforced are not to be considered as part of your general command as such troops are assigned to your command only for specific training.

"Your attention is invited to those provisions of the Executive Order under which you are authorized to call for assistance, supplies, and services from all Government agencies. It is desired that you take full advantage of that authority.

"Removal of individuals from areas in which they are domiciled should be accomplished gradually so as to avoid, so far as it is consistent with national safety and the performance of your mission, unnecessary hardship and dislocation of business and industry. In order to permit the War Department to make plans for the proper disposition of individuals whom you contemplate moving outside of your jurisdiction, it is desired that you make known to me your detailed plans for evacuation. Individuals will not be entrained until such plans are furnished and you are informed that accommodations have been prepared at the point of detraining.

"So far as practicable, fullest advantage should be taken of voluntary exodus of individuals and of the facilities afforded by other Government and private agencies in assisting evacuees to resettle. Where evacuees are unable to effect resettlement of their own volition, or with the assistance of other agencies, proper provision for housing, feeding, transportation and medical care must be provided.

"I desire that from time to time you make report direct to me of important actions and events, particularly with respect to the extent and location of military areas, and the restrictions applicable thereto.

"Sincerely yours,
"/s/ Henry L. Stimson,
"Secretary of War.

"Incl.
Executive Order.

Executive Order No. 9066
AUTHORIZING THE SECRETARY OF WAR TO PRESCRIBE
MILITARY AREAS

"Whereas, The successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises and national-defense utilities as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C, Title 50, Sec. 104):

"Now THEREFORE, By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restriction the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.

"I hereby further authorize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Commanders to take such other steps as he or the appropriate Military Commander may deem advisable to enforce compliance with the restrictions applicable to each Military area hereinabove authorized to be designated, including the use of Federal troops and other Federal Agencies, with authority to accept assistance of state and local agencies.

"I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.

"This order shall not be construed as modifying or limiting in any way the authority heretofore granted under Executive Order No. 8972, dated December 12, 1941, nor shall it be construed as limiting or modifying the duty and responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with respect to the investigations of alleged acts of sabotage or the duty and responsibility of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, prescribing regulations for the conduct and control of alien enemies, except as such duty and responsibility is superseded by the designation of military areas hereunder."

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The White House, February 19, 1942.

"February 20, 1942

"My dear General DeWitt:

"In accordance with my telephone conversation with you today I am enclosing a memorandum which was prepared in the War Department relating to the effect of the new Executive Order. It represents, as I said, some of our thinking on the subject and I think it may be helpful to you as a guide in the determination of the steps that you will want to take under the authority of the Directive which the Secretary of War has sent you today.

"Very truly yours,
"(Signed) John J. McCloy
"John J. McCloy,
"Assistant Secretary of War."

"Lt. Gen. J. L. DeWitt
Commanding General
Western Defense Command and Fourth Army
Presidio of San Francisco, California."

OUTLINE MEMORANDUM

"February 20, 1942

"... For the purpose of these instructions, persons resident in the Western Defense Command will be classified as follows:

"Class 1 Japanese Aliens
"Class 2 American citizens of Japanese Lineage
"Class 3 German Aliens
"Class 4 Italian Aliens
"Class 5 Any persons, whether citizens or aliens, who are suspected for any reason by you or your responsible subordinates, of being actually or potentially dangerous either as saboteurs, espionage agents, fifth-columnists or subversive persons.
"Class 6 All other persons who are, or who may be within the Western Defense Command."

"I suggest the advisability of the following course of action:

"7. The progressive designation by you of military areas throughout the Western Defense Command of such extent and in such places as you deem necessary to provide the maximum protection from sabotage and espionage of installations vital to the war effort consistent with the means available for evacuation and the military responsibilities attendant upon evacuation of large numbers of persons.

"8. Where necessary, in your judgment, the designation of protective zones within the military areas referred to in 7 above, in which you will provide (a) for the exclusion of all persons in Classes 1, 2 and 5, and where in your judgment it is essential, and (b) for the exclusion of persons in Class 3, so as to afford the maximum protection from espionage and sabotage to installations vital to the war effort, consistent with the military responsibilities attendant upon such an evacuation, viz., the number of troops which will be diverted from training for combat and from other missions, the fulfillment of which is your responsibility.

"9. The promulgation of appropriate restrictive regulations governing the exercise by any person of the right to enter, remain in or leave such military areas and any zones within such military areas. In connection with the initiation, development and accomplishment of the program outlined above, you will initiate and carry to completion, without delay, the preparation of detailed plans for the evacuation of those classes of persons and individuals who will be excluded from military areas prescribed by you. In so doing it is desired that you take full advantage of the provisions of the Executive Order whereby you are authorized to call upon the other executive departments and federal agencies for assistance, not only in the furnishing of services, but also of supplies, equipment and land. It is the intention that the heads of the several executive departments, independent establishments, and other federal agencies will be required and will have full authority to respond to such requests as you may make upon them in carrying out the provisions of the executive order.

"10. In this connection so far as consistent with safety the development of your program should be by stages. In the most critical areas you may consider it necessary to bring about an almost immediate evacuation of certain classes, particularly classes 1 and 2. However, in order to take full advantage of voluntary exodus and of re-settlement facilities arranged by other agencies, both public and private, the timing of your program should be most carefully conceived and coordinated. Representatives of the Departments of Justice and Agriculture advise that in those instances where it is consistent with the safety to afford evacuees reasonable advance notice that they will be able greatly to decrease the numbers of evacuees to be cared for by the Army, and thereby greatly decrease the drain on our military resources; thus avoiding the diversion of troops from their primary mission, the defense of the West Coast.

"11. In providing for the exclusion of classes of persons and individuals from military areas prescribed by you, you will make appropriate exception in favor of the aged, infirm, and the sick. Persons above the age of 70 years should not be disturbed unless for sufficient reason, you consider them suspect. Unless you find that the national safety will not so permit, bona fide refugees in Class 3 should be afforded special consideration, either through the development of suitable means to acquire permits to return to prohibited zones or to remain therein.

"12. I desire that you make known to me your detailed plans for evacuation as soon as practicable in order to enable the War Department to coordinate with the Corps Area Commanders concerned any movement you propose to undertake of evacuees outside of your command to places of temporary shelter. You will not entrain any evacuees for transportation beyond your command until you have been informed by the War Department that accommodations are prepared to receive them at the places of destination.

"13. Yours will be the military responsibility for processing, evacuation, supplying, rationing and transportation to the points of shelter. This, of course, applies only to those evacuees who are unable to re-settle themselves on their own resources or for whom public and private agencies have been unable to arrange re-settlement. For persons in this class, the Army will provide shelter, food and other accommodations, including medical aid and hospitalization in selected places in the interior until civil authorities can make other arrangements.

"14. It will, of course, be necessary that your plans include provision for protection of the property, particularly the physical property, of evacuees. All reasonable measures should be taken through publicity and other means, to encourage evacuees to take steps to protect their own property. Where evacuees are unable to do this prior to the time when it is necessary for them to comply with the exclusion orders, there is always danger that unscrupulous persons will take undue advantage or that physical property unavoidably left behind will be pillaged by lawless elements. The protection of physical property from theft or other harm is primarily the responsibility of state and local law-enforcement agencies, and you will doubtless call upon them for the maximum assistance in this connection. Where they are unable to protect physical property left behind in military areas, the responsibility will be yours, to provide reasonable protection, either through the use of troops or through other appropriate measures. The appointment by you of a property custodian and the creation by him of an organization to deal with such property in military areas may become necessary. The provisions of the Executive Order and the necessity in each given instance are such that you have authority to take such action, either directly or through another federal agency. In the development of your program, it is desired that you accomplish it with the minimum of individual hardship and dislocation of business and industries consistent with safety. Report to me from time to time by telephone, with confirmation in writing, of important action and events, indicating particularly the location and extent of military areas prescribed by you and the character of the restrictions promulgated."

"There is enclosed herewith draft of a bill entitled 'A bill to provide a penalty for violation of restrictions or orders with respect to persons entering, remaining in, or leaving military areas or zones,' which the War Department recommends to be enacted into law.

"The purpose of the proposed legislation is to provide for enforcement in the Federal criminal courts of orders issued under the authority of Executive order of the President No, 9066, dated February 19, 1942. This Executive order authorizes the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas from which any and all persons may be excluded for purposes of national defense.

"It is impossible to estimate the probable cost to the Government consequent upon the enactment of such legislation.

"The Bureau of the Budget has advised that there is no objection to the submission of this proposed legislation for the consideration of the Congress, as the enactment thereof would not be in conflict with the program of the President."

"Hon. Andrew J. May,
Chairman, Committee on Military Affairs,
House of Representatives.

"Dear Mr. May:

"By telephone on Thursday, March 12, 1942, Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt, commanding the Western Defense Command, requested that action be taken to expedite passage of S. 2352 and H. R. 6758, bills to provide penalties for violation of restrictions or orders with respect to persons entering, remaining in, or leaving military areas or zones.

"General DeWitt is strongly of the opinion that the bill, when enacted, should be broad enough to enable the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander to enforce curfews and other restrictions within military areas and zones. To that end, it is suggested that in line 3, page 1, of H. R. 6758 the word "or' be stricken and that after the word 'leave' there be inserted the words, 'or commit any act in.'

"General DeWitt indicated that he was prepared to enforce certain restrictions at once for the purpose of protecting certain vital national defense interests but did not desire to proceed until enforcement machinery had been set up.

"The War Department recommends immediate passage of the proposed law.

"Sincerely yours,
"Henry L. Stimson,
"Secretary of War."

"To provide a penalty for violation of restrictions or orders with respect to persons entering, remaining in, leaving, or committing any act in military areas or zones.

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That whoever shall enter, remain in, leave, or commit any act in any military area or military zone prescribed, under the authority of an Executive order of the President, by the Secretary of War, or by any military commander designated by the Secretary of War, contrary to the restrictions applicable to any such area or zone or contrary to the order of the Secretary of War or any such military commander, shall, if it appears that he knew or should have known of the existence and extent of the restrictions or order and that his act was in violation thereof, be guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine of not to exceed $5,000 or to imprisonment for not more than one year, or both, for each offense."

"March 2, 1942

"Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt,
Commander, Western Defense Command,
San Francisco, California.

"Dear General DeWitt:

"By letter dated February 20, 1942, 1 designated you as one of the appropriate Military Commanders to exercise the powers vested in me under Executive Order No. 9066, February 19, 1942, and I delegated to you such powers as are necessary to carry out the purposes of that Executive Order. Incident to the exercise of those powers, you are authorized to employ without regard to Civil Service or Classification laws or regulations, all persons or agencies necessary to carry out your duties. You are also authorized to employ the service of any association, firm, company, or corporation in furtherance of your mission. You will fix the rates of compensation so as to correspond as nearly as possible to the rate prevailing for similar service in the community in which the services are to be rendered.

"Under the terms of Executive Order No. 9001, dated December 27, 1941, and subject to the limitations thereof and of the Act of December 18, 1941 (First War Powers Act, 1941, Public Law 354 -- 77th Congress), I am expressly authorized to delegate further the powers therein delegated to me. Pursuant thereto, I delegate to you, within the limits of the amounts appropriated by the Congress, the power to enter into contracts and into amendments or modifications of contracts heretofore or hereafter made, and to make advance, progress, and other payments thereon, without regard to the provisions of law relating to the making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts.

"In order to remove any doubt as to your authority to obligate funds, I specifically authorize you to obligate funds in such amounts as you deem necessary to effectuate the purposes of the Executive Order, and of your instructions, from any funds in an allotted status available to you, or to incur obligations in excess of such funds, reporting deficiencies to the appropriate chief of supply arm or service.

"Sincerely yours,
"Henry L. Stimson,
"Secretary of War."

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III

Final Recommendation of the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Submitted to The Secretary of War.

a. Mission of the Western Defense Command and Fourth Army.

(1) Defense of the Pacific Coast of the Western Defense Command, as extended, against attacks by sea, land or air;

(2) Local protection of establishments and communications vital to the National Defense for which adequate defense cannot be provided by local civilian authorities.

b. Brief Estimate of the Situation.

(1) Any estimate of the situation indicates that the following are possible and probable enemy activities:

(a) Naval attack on shipping in coastal waters;
(b) Naval attack on coastal cities and vital installations;
(c) Air raids on vital installations, particularly within two hundred miles of the coast;
(d) Sabotage of vital installations throughout the Western Defense Command.

Hostile Naval and air raids will be assisted by enemy agents signaling from the coastline and the vicinity thereof; and by supplying and otherwise assisting enemy vessels and by sabotage.

Sabotage, (for example, of airplane factories), may be effected not only by destruction within plants and establishments, but by destroying power, light, water, sewer and other utility and other facilities in the immediate vicinity thereof or at a distance. Serious damage or destruction in congested areas may readily be caused by incendiarism.

(2) The area lying to the west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains in Washington, Oregon and California, is highly critical not only because the lines of communication and supply to the Pacific theater pass through it, but also because of the vital industrial production therein, particularly aircraft. In the war in which we are now engaged racial affinities are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become "Americanized", the racial strains are undiluted. To conclude otherwise is to expect that children born of white parents on Japanese soil sever all racial affinity and become loyal Japanese subjects, ready to fight and, if necessary, to die for Japan in a war against the nation of their parents. That Japan is allied with Germany and Italy in this struggle is no ground for assuming that any Japanese, barred from assimilation by convention as he is, though born and raised in the United States, will not turn against this nation when the final test of loyalty comes. It, therefore, follows that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies, of Japanese extraction, are at large today. There are indications that these are organized and ready for concerted action at a favorable opportunity. The very fact that no sabotage has taken place to date is a disturbing and confirming indication that such action will be taken.

c. Disposition of the Japanese.

(1) Washington. As the term is used herein, the word "Japanese" includes alien Japanese and American citizens of Japanese ancestry. In the State of Washington the Japanese population, aggregating over 14,500, is disposed largely in the area lying west of the Cascade Mountains and south of an east-west line passing through Bellingham, Washington, about 70 miles north of Seattle and some 15 miles south of the Canadian border. The largest concentration of Japanese is in the area, the axis of which is along the line Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Willapa Bay and the mouth of the Columbia River, with the heaviest concentration in the agricultural valleys between Seattle and Tacoma, viz., the Green River and the Puyallup Valleys. The Boeing Aircraft factory is in the Green River Valley. The lines of communication and supply including power and water which feed this vital industrial installation, radiate from this plant for many miles through areas heavily populated by Japanese. Large numbers of Japanese also operate vegetable markets along the Seattle and Tacoma water fronts, in Bremerton, near the Bremerton Navy Yard, and inhabit islands in Puget Sound opposite vital naval ship building installations. Still others are engaged in fishing along the southwest Washington Pacific Coast and along the Columbia River. Many of these Japanese are within easy reach of the forests of Washington State, the stock piles of seasoning lumber and the many sawmills of southwest Washington. During the dry season these forests, mills and stock piles are easily fired. (See inclosed map.)

(2) Oregon. There are approximately 4,000 Japanese in the State of Oregon, of which the substantial majority reside in the area in the vicinity of Portland along the south bank of the Columbia River, following the general line Bonneville, Oregon City, Astoria, Tillamook. Many of these are in the northern reaches of the Willamette Valley and are engaged in agricultural and fishing pursuits. Others operate vegetable markets in the Portland metropolitan area and still others reside along the northern Oregon sea coast. Their disposition is in intimate relationship with the northwest Oregon sawmills and lumber industry, near and around the vital electric power development at Bonneville and the pulp and paper installations at Camas (on the Washington State side of the Columbia River) and Oregon City, directly south of Portland. (See inclosed map.)

(3) California. The Japanese population in California aggregates approximately 93,500 people. Its disposition is so widespread and so well known that little would be gained by setting it forth in detail here. They live in great numbers along the coastal strip, in and around San Francisco and the Bay Area, the Salinas Valley, Los Angeles and San Diego. Their truck farms are contiguous to the vital aircraft industry concentration in and around Los Angeles. They live in large numbers in and about San Francisco, now a vast staging area for the war in the Pacific, a point at which the nation's lines of communication and supply converge. Inland they are disposed in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys. They are engaged in the production of approximately 38% of the vegetable produce of California. Many of them are engaged in the distribution of such produce in and along the water fronts at San Francisco and Los Angeles. Of the 93,500 in California, about 25,000 reside inland in the mentioned valleys where they are largely engaged in vegetable production cited above, and 54,600 reside along the coastal strip, that is to say, a strip of coast line varying from eight miles in the north to twenty miles in width in and around the San Francisco bay area, including San Francisco, in Los Angeles and its environs, and in San Diego. Approximately 13,900 are dispersed throughout the remaining portion of the state. In Los Angeles City the disposition of vital aircraft industrial plants covers the entire city. Large numbers of Japanese live and operate markets and truck farms adjacent to or near these installations. (See inclosed map.)

d. Disposition of Other Subversive Persons.

Disposed within the vital coastal strip already mentioned are large numbers of Italians and Germans, foreign and native born, among whom are many individuals who constitute an actual or potential menace to the safety of the nation.

a. Recommendations for the designation of prohibited areas, described as "Category A" areas in California, Oregon and Washington, from which are to be excluded by order of the Attorney General all alien enemies, have gone forward from this headquarters to the Attorney General through the Provost Marshal General and the Secretary of War. These recommendations were made in order to aid the Attorney General in the implementation of the Presidential Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, imposing responsibility on him for the control of alien enemies as such. These recommendations were for the exclusion of all alien enemies from Category "A." The Attorney General has adopted these recommendations in part, and has the balance under consideration. Similarly, recommendations were made by this headquarters, and adopted by the Attorney General, for the designation of certain areas as Category "B" areas, within which alien enemies may be permitted on pass or permit.

b. I now recommend the following:

(1) That the Secretary of War procure from the President direction and authority to designate military areas in the combat zone of the Western Theater of Operations, (if necessary to include the entire combat zone), from which, in his discretion, he may exclude all Japanese, all alien enemies, and all other persons suspected for any reason by the administering military authorities of being actual or potential saboteurs, espionage agents, or fifth columnists. Such executive order should empower the Secretary of War to requisition the services of any and all other agencies of the Federal Government, with express direction to such agencies to respond to such requisition, and further empowering the Secretary of War to use any and all federal facilities and equipment, including Civilian Conservation Corps Camps, and to accept the use of State facilities for the purpose of providing shelter and equipment for evacuees. Such executive order to provide further for the administration of military areas for the purposes of this plan by appropriate military authorities acting with the requisitioned assistance of the other federal agencies and the cooperation of State and local agencies. The executive order should further provide that by reason of military necessity the right of all persons, whether citizens or aliens, to reside, enter, cross or be within any military areas shall be subject to revocation and shall exist on a pass and permit basis at the discretion of the Secretary of War and implemented by the necessary legislation imposing penalties for violation.

(2) That, pursuant to such executive order, there be designated as military areas all areas in Washington, Oregon and California, recommended by me to date for designation by the Attorney General as Category "A" areas and such additional areas as it may be found necessary to designate hereafter.

(3) That the Secretary of War provide for the exclusion from such military areas, in his discretion, of the following classes of persons, viz:

(a) Japanese aliens.
(b) Japanese-American citizens.
(c) Alien enemies other than Japanese aliens.
(d) Any and all other persons who are suspected for any reason by the administering military authorities to be actual or potential saboteurs, espionage agents, fifth columnists, or subversive persons.

(4) That the evacuation of classes (a), (b), and (c) from such military areas be initiated on a designated evacuation day and carried to completion as rapidly as practicable.

That prior to evacuation day all plans be complete for the establishment of initial concentration points, reception centers, registration, rationing, guarding, transportation to internment points, and the selection and establishment of internment facilities in the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Corps Areas.

That persons in class (a) and (c) above be evacuated and interned at such selected places of internment, under guard.

That persons in class (b) above, at the time of evacuation, be offered an opportunity to accept voluntary internment, under guard, at the place of internment above mentioned.

That persons in class (b) who decline to accept voluntary internment, be excluded from all military areas, and left to their own resources, or, in the alternative, be encouraged to accept resettlement outside of such military areas with such assistance as the State governments concerned or the Federal Security Agency may be by that time prepared to offer.

That the evacuation of persons in class (d) be progressive and continuing, and that upon their evacuation persons in class (d) be excluded from all military areas and left in their own resources outside of such military areas, or, in the alternative, be offered voluntary internment or encouraged to accept voluntary resettlement as above outlined, unless the facts in a particular case shall warrant other action.

(5) The Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, to be responsible for the evacuation, administration, supply and guard, to the place of internment; the Commanding Generals of the Corps Areas concerned to be responsible for guard, supply and administration at the places of internment.

(6) That direct communication between the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army and the Corps Area Commanders concerned for the purpose of making necessary arrangements be authorized.

(7) That the Provost Marshal General coordinate all phases of the plan between the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, on the one hand, and the Corps Area Commanders on the other hand.

(8) That all arrangements be accomplished with the utmost secrecy.

(9) That adult males (above the age of 14 years) be interned separately from all women and children until the establishment of family units can be accomplished.

(10) No change is contemplated in Category "B" areas.

PART II

EVACUATION -- ITS DEVELOPMENT IN SUMMARY

CHAPTER IV

The Emergence of Controlled Evacuation

"To provide for the evacuation of all persons of Japanese ancestry from Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of Military Area No. 2 of the Pacific Coast with a minimum of economic and social dislocation, a minimum use of military personnel and maximum speed; and initially to employ all appropriate means to encourage voluntary migration."

(File No. 323.3 WCCA)

HEADQUARTERS WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMY
Office of the Commanding General
Presidio of San Francisco, California

March 12, 1942

"Mr. Dallas Dort
Director, Central Administrative Services
Office for Emergency Management
101 Indiana Avenue, Washington, D. C.

"Please arrange to provide the disbursing account assigned to Mr. Ralph B. Thompson, Director of Administrative Services, Merchandise Mart, San Francisco, with funds necessary to service the Wartime Civilian Control Administration under my command.

"His account will be reimbursed currently from funds under my direct control.

"Funds to protect obligations up to sixty days should be provided. It is estimated that $500,000.00 will be sufficient for the time being.

/s/ J. L. DeWitt
J. L. DeWitt,
Lieutenant General, U. S. A.,
Commanding."

(File No. 323.3 WCCA)

HEADQUARTERS WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMY
Office of the Commanding General
Presidio of San Francisco, California

12 March 1942

"Mr. Ralph B. Thompson, Regional Director
Division of Central Administrative Services
1355 Market Street, San Francisco, California

"Dear Mr. Thompson:

"You are hereby authorized to commence immediately to render the administrative services, as outlined in your letter of March 11, 1942, to the Wartime Civilian Control Administration (under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Civil Affairs, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army) under my command.

"Such services are to be rendered only upon order of Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen or his designated representative.

"You may utilize the procedure and necessary forms now used by you in servicing other emergency agencies.

"You will be reimbursed from appropriations available to the military establishment upon receipt of Standard Government Form 1080, "Voucher Adjustment" between appropriations and/or funds, properly supported by requisitions and vouchers.

"You will receive your orders and requests for service from only one source in each city or location serviced, that source to be designated in writing by Colonel Bendetsen or his successor.

"In performing this service you will not be subjected to jurisdiction or clearance with any department of the Army except upon my specific order.

"You are not authorized or expected to pay any obligations incurred by officers or civilian officials of the Wartime Civilian Control Administration which have not been ordered through your office under your regular procedures.

"By authority of the Secretary of War, acting under Executive Order No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, I advise that you are authorized to contract for printing and binding ordered by the designated officer of the Wartime Civilian Control Administration without prior approval of the Government printing office.

"All special services rendered to date, namely the establishment of executive offices and the teletype services in the Whitcomb Hotel Building at the request of Colonel W. Fulton Magill are hereby approved.

Sincerely yours,
/s/ J. L. DeWitt
J. L. DeWitt,
Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
JLD/tgb Commanding."

March 28, 1942

"Mr. Rex L. Nicholson, Regional WPA Supervisor
W.C.C.A.
Whitcomb Hotel, San Francisco, California

"My dear Mr. Nicholson:

"Under authority granted to me by executive order of the President No. 9066 dated February 19, 1942, it is requested that the Work Projects Administration assume the responsibility for the direction and management of such assembly points and reception centers as may be assigned in connection with the program of evacuation of German, Italian and Japanese enemy aliens and persons of Japanese ancestry from restricted zones within the military areas established by my Military Proclamation No. 1 dated March 2, 1942, and by my Military Proclamation No. 2 dated March 16, 1942.

"Subject to general direction from my Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs Division, and in accordance with policies approved by him as the officer responsible for the execution of the Wartime Civil Control Administration, your agency is authorized to incur obligations and make expenditures from any funds available to it or made available to it by the War Department, in carrying out the duties and functions assigned. In this connection it is desired that you submit to the Asst. Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs Division, for approval, at the earliest possible date, a Budget Estimate of your fiscal requirements up to May 1, 1942 broken down in such detail as is immediately practicable. Reimbursement to the Work Projects Administration for expenditures made from any funds appropriated to the WPA will be from available funds subject to my control and allocation, appropriate orders having been issued in respect thereto.

"General plans and policies for the operation of Reception Centers and Assembly points will be worked out by you with my Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs Division, and subject to his final approval. The actual administration and management of the Assembly Points and Reception Centers will be the responsibility of your agency.

"After general plans and policies have been agreed upon, your general operation will be subject to inspection by my Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs Division, and his Deputy for Temporary Settlement Operations to insure conformance with the general plans and policies described. In the event that the operation of the Reception Centers or Assembly Points does not appear to be satisfactory, upon inspection, it is understood that determinations will be made as to necessary adjustments and revisions of policy and that such changes will be communicated to you by my Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs Division.

"Yours very truly,
/s/ J. L. DeWitt
J. L. DeWitt,
Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

CHAPTER V

Separation of Jurisdiction Over Evacuation and Relocation

"1. The tempo of evacuation is under acceleration. Its accomplishment will place approximately 85,000 evacuees in assembly centers in the next six weeks. Assembly centers are not designed to provide suitable semi-permanent housing and other facilities. They are temporary in nature. Their facilities are transitory only. They are made necessary because of the time required to select relocation sites. Their objective is to meet the demand of military necessity and to avoid any retarding effect caused by relocation site selection.

"2. Assembly centers are not and cannot, without the expenditure of tremendous sums of money for space and facilities in duplication of those which will be provided on relocation sites, be designed to permit the development and maintenance of a vocational, educational, recreational and social program. Long residence in an assembly center is bound to have a demoralizing effect.

"3. The grave responsibility for the most rapid selection of relocation sites and the compilation of all necessary data to permit speedy acquisition and construction of relocation centers thereon cannot be overemphasized in view of the essential characteristics of assembly centers.

"4. In this connection, it is suggested that a representative of the office of the appropriate United States Army Division Engineer be included in War Relocation Authority site selection parties. This will produce a two-fold effect. (1) It will facilitate acquisition once a site is selected and the data compiled because the real estate section of the Division Engineer's Office will have been accorded the maximum advance notice. (2) It will facilitate the initiation of construction for manifest reasons in that advance information on the characteristics of a site will have been insured.

"5. From the long range point of view and the self-evident desirability of maintaining sound public relations, the suggestion is made that all personnel of both WCCA and WRA, and the associated cooperating federal agencies, bear in mind the necessity for and objective of assembly centers. Thus, their essential characteristics will be more readily understood. The attainment of any social ideal therein is beyond possibility for manifest reasons and the responsibility is grave to avoid misinterpretations. Failure to avoid it may initiate a chain of circumstances resulting in reprisals against our nationals in enemy hands."

CHAPTER VI

The Evacuation Method

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI

Appendix 1

"15 March 1942

"Mr. Laurence I. Hewes, Jr., Regional Director
Farm Security Administration
30 Van Ness Avenue
San Francisco, California

"Dear Mr. Hewes:

"By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me as Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, and in order to effectuate the removal of any enemy aliens and other persons designated by me, engaged in farming operations who evacuate from restricted and prohibited areas lying within my command, you are hereby ordered and authorized as follows:

"1. To institute and administer a program which will insure continuation of the proper use of agricultural lands voluntarily vacated by enemy aliens and other persons designated by me, and which will insure fair and equitable arrangements between the evacuees and the operators of their property.

"2. To incur the necessary administrative expenses, including the payment of personnel and necessary traveling expenses to be reimbursed by me upon presentation of reimbursement vouchers.

"3. From funds made available or to be made available by me, to make, service and collect loans, including the provision of necessary farm management advice and guidance.

"4. To redelegate to such officers and employees of the Farm Security Administration as you may designate, any part of the authority herein contained.

"Sincerely yours,
/s/ J. L. DeWitt
J. L. DeWitt,
Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

March 27, 1942

MEMORANDUM For Mr. Larry I. Hewes, Farm Security Administration Subject: Exercise of freezing power of agricultural property.

1. I have been directed by the Commanding General to advise you as follows:

2. After extended consideration of your mission and the problems attendant upon its accomplishment, it has been concluded that there is necessity for a revision in the method and circumstances wherein the freezing power is now exercised.

3. In your relationship with the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, you are regarded as a representative of the Department of Agriculture, and I understand from my conversations with you that, in the accomplishment of the mission assigned the Department, you, as its representative, are employing all of the available departmental agencies. In this connection, I further understand that the Agricultural War Boards established in each county by order of the Secretary of Agriculture, have a membership comprising a representative of every agency of the Department of Agriculture.

4. The primary mission imposed upon the Commanding General is accomplishment of the evacuation in satisfaction of military necessity. In the accomplishment of his mission, he has prescribed that it shall be carried out (a) with a minimum loss in agricultural production consistent with prompt execution, and (b) with a maximum of fair dealing to all concerned. In the latter case, protection of the property interests of evacuees and avoidance, so far as practicable, of economic dislocation are major phases of the prescribed method.

5. In responding to the request of the Commanding General to the Secretary of War, the Agriculture Department has therefore accepted the mission of performing the following:

(a) To do everything reasonably necessary to prevent any crop loss subsequent upon evacuation and to reduce to a minimum the spoilage or loss of growing crops;
(b) To assist the evacuee in providing a substitute tenant or operator and at the same time to preserve the evacuee's equity to the fullest practicable extent consistent with the circumstances in each case;
(c) If necessary to take over and operate property where, in the absence of such action, growing crops would be neglected or abandoned or where the evacuee's equity, though of reasonable substance, would otherwise deteriorate.

6. In order to accomplish these objectives it is essential that the power to "freeze" agricultural property, crops, farm implements and. agricultural equipment, lease-hold interests, be readily available for application in cases of necessity.

7. As the Agricultural War Boards have been organized in each county, it must follow that such Boards are familiar with local problems and conditions. They also have the personnel available to make prompt investigation and recommendation upon the recommendation of the Farm Security field agent. I therefore propose that the "freezing" powers necessary to the accomplishment of the objectives stated be applied only upon the recommendation of the appropriate county War Board; that such boards be the final arbiter as to whether or not the power to freeze be exercised in any given case.

8. In this way, the action taken to "freeze" in any instance will represent the considered judgment of all agricultural agencies. It is immaterial to me whether the agency empowered to "freeze" on such recommendation is the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, one of its member banks or agencies, or whether it is the field agent of the Farm Security Administration.

9. I am furnishing a copy of this memorandum to Mr. William H. Hale, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Mr. Milton Eisenhower, War Relocation Authority; Mr. Ed Dodd, Director, Western Division, Department of Agriculture; and Mr. Dave Davidson, chairman, California War Board. Concurrently I am recommending to the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, that he approve the program outlined and that in furtherance of your mission, where property is "frozen" and operated by your Agency, funds be made available for such operation, as for the hiring of operators and for the purchase of feed and seed, etc.

Karl R. Bendetsen, Colonel, G. S. C,
Assistant Chief of Staff for Civil Affairs, Directing, WCCA.

Copies to:
Mr. Wm. H. Hale
Mr. Milton Eisenhower
Mr. Ed Dodd
Mr. Dave Davidson

Appendix 2

"14 MARCH 1942

"CHIEF OF STAFF
"WAR DEPARTMENT
"WASHINGTON, D. C.

"ORDERLY ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION ASSIGNED ME UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER NINE NAUGHT SDC SIX DATED FEBRUARY NINETEEN COMMA NINETEEN FORTY TWO BY LETTER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR DATED FEBRUARY TWENTY COMMA NINETEEN FORTY TWO RENDERS IMPERATIVE THE AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS FOR THE MAKING OF CROP LOANS IN ORDER TO AVOID THE LOSS OF GROWING CROPS PLANTED BY JAPANESE FARMS WHO WILL BE EXCLUDED FROM THE PACIFIC COASTAL FRONTIER STOP SUCH FUNDS ARE NEEDED FOR SPRAYING AND FOR FINANCING OPERATIONS BY PERSONS PROCURED TO SUBSTITUTE AS FARM OPERATORS IN THE PLACE OF EVACUEES STOP THE STIMULUS OF VOLUNTARY EVACUATION ON THE PART OF AFFECTED GROUPS WILL BE GREATLY ENHANCED IF AN ALLOTMENT OF FUNDS FROM THE CHIEF OF STAFFS CONTINGENT FUND OR THE PRESIDENTS EMERGENCY FUND IS MADE FOR THIS PURPOSE STOP OFFICERS OF THE FARM CREDIT AND FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION COMMA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMA WORKING IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ARE UNDERTAKING TO MAKE LOANS IN PROPER CASES AND TO ESTABLISH A MEANS FOR SECURITY AND REPAYMENT ON A SUITABLE BASIS STOP THIS MATTER HAS ALREADY BEEN REFERRED INFORMALLY TO GENERAL BROWN COMMA BUDGET OFFICER FOR THE WAR DEPARTMENT STOP PRIORITY ACTION IS URGENTLY REQUESTED.

"DeWITT
"COMDG WDC AND FOURTH ARMY"

Appendix 3

"March 11, 1942

"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco,
"San Francisco, California.

"Sirs:

"By virtue of orders issued by the War Department on December 11, 1941, the entire Pacific Coast of the United States was established as the Western Defense Command and designated as a theatre of operations under my command.

"By Executive Order No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, the President of the United States authorized and directed the Secretary of War and the military commanders whom he may from time to time designate to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate military commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave, shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander may impose in his discretion.

"The Secretary of War, on February 20, 1942, designated the undersigned as the military commander to carry out the duties and responsibilities imposed by said Executive Order for that portion of the United States embraced in the Western Defense Command.

"On March 2, 1942, pursuant to authority vested in me, I issued Public Proclamation No. 1, under which I designated and established certain military areas and zones. It is my intention, by subsequent proclamations, to exclude certain persons and classes of persons from all of Military Area No. 1, and also from such of those zones described in said Public Proclamation No. 1 as Zones A-2 to A-99 inclusive as are within Military Area No. 2. The evacuees will include Japanese, German and Italian aliens and persons of Japanese ancestry now resident in Military Area No. 1. I am familiar with the contemplated program dealing with the problem of evacuees and I find that the prompt execution of such a program is essential to the successful prosecution of the war and the performance of my duty under Executive Order No. 9066. Accordingly, I hereby authorize and direct you to take all steps which in your judgment are necessary or desirable in order to carry out the objective of the program.

"You are authorized and requested to employ such personnel and set up such offices within the Western Defense Command as you may consider advisable, necessary or expedient for the purpose of carrying out the program of dealing with the property interests of said evacuees. You are further authorized to employ such personnel and appoint such sub-agents as you may see fit in connection therewith.

"You will be reimbursed for all necessary and proper expenses incurred in connection with the carrying out of this program. Furthermore, you are directed to perform any and all acts incident to the accomplishment or furtherance of this program, and as such you are, of course, entitled to be reimbursed for all necessary and proper expenses and obligations arising out of such agency, for which under law such an agent would be entitled to reimbursement.

"It is understood that in executing the foregoing no warranty of my authority is included nor is any personal liability imposed upon or assumed by the undersigned.

"Very truly yours,
"J. L. DeWitt,
"Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

"Apr 5, 1942

"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco,
"San Francisco, California.

"Sirs:

"Reference is made to my letter dated March 11, 1942, addressed to you, in which I authorize and direct you to take all steps which in your judgment are necessary or desirable in order to carry out the objective of the program dealing with the problem of evacuees from Military Area No. 1, as designated and established in my Public Proclamation No. 1, dated March 2, 1942.

"Last week the Congress of the United States enacted and on March 21, 1942, the President of the United States approved Public Law, No. 503, 77th Congress, under the terms of which whomsoever shall enter, remain in, leave, or commit any act in any military area or any military zone prescribed, under the authority of an executive order of the President, by the Secretary of War, or by any military commander designated by the Secretary of War, contrary to the restrictions applicable to any such area or zone or contrary to the order of the Secretary of War or any such military commander, shall, if it appears that he knew or should have known of the existence and extent of the restrictions or order and that this act was in violation thereof, be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be subject to certain penalties stated therein.

"Accordingly, by virtue of the additional authority vested in me by said Public Law, No. 503, 77th Congress, approved by the President of the United States on March 21, 1942, as well as by virtue of all other authority vested in me by Executive Order No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, the orders and designation issued by the Secretary of War on February 20, 1942, designating the undersigned as a Military Commander to carry out the duties and responsibilities embodied by said Executive Order No. 9066 for that portion of the United States embraced within the Western Defense Command, and pursuant to all other authority vested in me, I hereby authorize and direct you to continue to take all steps which in your judgment are necessary or desirable in order to carry out the objectives of the program dealing with the problem of evacuees from the Western Defense Command and particularly Military Area No. 1, embraced therein.

"Very truly yours,
"J. L. DeWitt,
"Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

Appendix 4

"March 31, 1942

"Federal Security Agency,
"785 Market Street,
"San Francisco, California.

"Attention: Mr. Richard M. Neustadt:

"Dear Mr. Neustadt:

"Under authority of the Executive Order of the President, No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, your Agency has been assigned certain functions and duties by me, to be performed in aid of the program for evacuation of German, Italian and Japanese enemy aliens and persons of Japanese ancestry, from strategic zones within the military areas established by my Public Proclamation No. 1, dated March 2, 1942, and Public Proclamation No. 2, dated March 16, 1942.

"Subject to my directions and instructions and in accordance with approved policies, your Agency is authorized and directed to incur obligations and make expenditures from any funds available to it in carrying out the duties and functions assigned. In this connection it is desired that you submit, for approval, without delay, a budget estimate of your funds requirements to May 1, 1942, broken down in such detail as is practicable at the present time.

"Payment for obligations incurred or funds expended under the approved budget estimate will be made from funds subject to my control and allocation.

"Yours very truly,
"J. L. DeWitt,
"Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

Appendix 5

"At a conference in my office during the afternoon of April 20, 1942, attended by Mr. Tom C. Clark, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Mr. Nat L. Pieper, Special Agent in Charge, San Francisco office. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Brigadier-General J. L. Bradley, Chief of Staff, Colonel Joel F. Watson, Judge Advocate, Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen, Assistant Chief of Staff, the following procedure, predicated upon correspondence exchanged between your office and the Assistant to the Attorney General, governing procedure and liaison between the War Department, the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, and the Department of Justice, was agreed upon:

"1. (a) All orders and proclamations issued by me pursuant to the provisions of Executive Order of the President, No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, as the Military Commander designated by the Secretary of War by letter dated March 20, 1942, to carry out the provisions of the cited Executive Order, involving enforcement of the penalties provided by Public Law No. 503, 77th Congress, approved March 20, 1942, will be transmitted to the Assistant Secretary of War by telephone or telegraph for clearance with the Assistant to the Attorney General, Mr. James Rowe, Jr. The Department of Justice has indicated that it will respond with all practicable dispatch and that upon clearance of such orders and proclamations it will undertake enforcement of the penalties provided by the cited law. Thereafter, in the case of any such approved proclamation or order, direct communication between the local Department of Justice representative, viz., Mr. Tom C. Clark (or whomever may be so designated by the Justice Department) for the several United States District Attorneys, will be authorized.

"(b) The present form of general exclusion order and general supporting instructions employed in effectuating the evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry having been approved will not be so submitted. Any necessary enforcement of the penalties provided by the cited Statute in connection with evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry under such exclusion orders and supporting instructions will be undertaken by the Department of Justice. For local operational purposes, Sector Commanders are authorized to communicate directly with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Special Agent in Charge, for the District in which evacuation projects are entrained. Similar direct communication with the appropriate District Attorney is also authorized. Warning notices of impending exclusion orders and copies of the exclusion order will, in each case, be transmitted to Mr. Nat L. Pieper, Special Agent in Charge, San Francisco office, for communication to other Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents in Charge and to local police. Similar material will be furnished Mr. Tom C. Clark for transmission by his office to the appropriate District Attorneys and the United States Marshals. Mr. Clark will also continue to undertake to keep the Department of Justice fully informed as to progress of evacuation as reflected by the copies of warning memoranda and exclusion orders furnished him.

"(c) The form of individual exclusion order is currently being submitted to your office for transmission to Mr. Rose in accordance with the arrangement. Upon approval of the form and substance of the individual exclusion order, it is the understanding that the Department of Justice will undertake any necessary enforcement of the penalties provided by Public Law No. 503, supra. Once the form and substance of the individual exclusion order has been approved it is understood that no further clearance with the Department of Justice will be necessary, and that individual exclusion orders may be issued without further reference to the Department of Justice. Communication to arrange the necessary enforcement of such individual exclusion orders, as presently understood, will be through Mr. Nat L. Pieper, Special Agent in Charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation, but should any Court proceedings develop, local liaison will be through Mr. Tom C. Clark, Special Assistant to the Attorney General.

"2. On the basis of current understandings the procedure outlined above will be followed. It is requested, however, that confirmation of the Department of Justice be obtained as soon as practicable.

"/s/ J. L. DeWitt,
"J. L. DeWitt,
"Lieutenant General, U. S. Army,
Commanding."

PART III

EVACUATION -- THE MECHANICS FOR ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT

CHAPTER VII

Organization and Functions of Civil Affairs Division, General Staff, and Wartime Civil Control Administration and Other Agencies