SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION ON

TO INVESTIGATE (1) THE EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND OBJECTS OF UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, (2) THE DIFFUSION WITHIN THE UNITED STATES OF SUBVERSIVE AND UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA THAT IS INSTIGATED FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OR OF A DOMESTIC ORIGIN AND ATTACKS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT AS GUARANTEED BY OUR CONSTITUTION, AND (3) ALL OTHER QUESTIONS IN RELATION THERETO THAT WOULD AID CONGRESS IN ANY NECESSARY REMEDIAL LEGISLATION

APPENDIX VI

REPORT ON JAPANESE ACTIVITIES

Printed for the use of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1942

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Washington, D. C.

MARTIN DIES, Texas, Chairman

JOE STARNES, Alabama
HARRY P. BEAM, Illinois
JERRY VOORHIS, California
NOAH M. MASON, Illinois
JOSEPH E. CASEY, Massachusetts
J. PARNELL THOMAS, New Jersey

ROBERT E. STRIPLING, Chief Investigator
J. B. MATTHEWS, Director of Research

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: JAPAN'S ADVANCE WARNINGS TO THE UNITED STATES

SECTION II: JAPANESE NAVAL MAP OF THE PACIFIC AREA

SECTION III: A JAPANESE HANDBOOK ON THE UNITED STATES NAVY

SECTION IV: TECHNIQUES FOR JAPANESE ESPIONAGE

SECTION V: JAPANESE FISHING BOATS

SECTION VI: JAPANESE TREATY MERCHANTS

SECTION VII: EMPEROR-DECORATED JAPANESE IN THE UNITED STATES

SECTION VIII: CENSUS OF JAPANESE IN THE UNITED STATES

SECTION IX: JAPANESE LANGUAGE SCHOOLS

SECTION X: CENTRAL JAPANESE ASSOCIATIONS

SECTION XI: JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS' LEAGUE

SECTION XII: JAPANESE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

SECTION XIII: KEN AND PREFECTURAL ORGANIZATIONS

SECTION XIV: PRO-AXIS PROPAGANDA IN JAPANESE PUBLICATIONS

SECTION XV: JAPANESE BUDDHISM

SECTION XVI: THE TANAKA MEMORIAL

SECTION XVII: MEMORANDUM CONCERNING EXCLUSION OF JAPANESE FROM THE UNITED STATES

SECTION XVIII: MEMORANDUM ON STATEHOOD FOR HAWAII

SECTION XIX: BACKGROUND OF THE JAPANESE PROBLEM IN CALIFORNIA AS OF SEPTEMBER 1941

---

INTRODUCTION

I

Office of the Attorney General,
Washington, D. C, September 8, 1941.

Hon. Martin Dies,
House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.

My dear Mr. Congressman: In your letter of August 27, 1941, addressed to the Attorney General, you stated that if the Attorney General had no objection, you would suggest to your committee the advisability of conducting public hearings to receive evidence regarding Japanese activities in the United States.

The Attorney General has discussed the situation with the President and the Secretary of State, both of whom feel quite strongly that hearings such as you contemplate would be inadvisable. The Attorney General is of the same opinion, and accordingly, is unable to approve the course which you have in mind.

Sincerely yours,

Matthew F. McGuire,
Acting Attorney General.

EXHIBIT NO. 1

II

Washington, July 5. -- The Dies committee will launch a series of public hearings in the near future which will include a searching inquiry into activity of alleged Japanese espionage organizations on the Pacific coast, it was disclosed today.

Committee plans also call for issuance of a Fascist book, describing activity of Fascist organizations in the United States, and hearings upon Communist and Nazi penetration of labor unions.

An important public hearing, the nature of which is being kept secret, is planned in New York. Another hearing is scheduled to be held in Philadelphia. The proposed public inquiry into Japanese activities on the Pacific coast will follow a long secret investigation by a corps of committee investigators. They have submitted reports, it was learned, asserting that many Japanese societies are under control of Japanese propaganda agencies and are actively engaged in promoting interests of the foreign power.

The inquiry, it is understood, will deal with activities of Japanese fishing fleets on the Pacific coast, long a bone of contention, with California congressional representatives openly asserting that agents on the boat are engaged in spying activities.

Washington, July 5. -- (I. N. S.). -- Amid signs of gathering war clouds in the far Pacific, the Dies committee tonight announced a searching inquiry would be opened shortly into alleged espionage activities of Japanese agents on the west coast of the United States.

While secretive about the two public hearings scheduled for New York and Philadelphia, the Dies committee readily admitted today that emphasis will be placed at the Washington hearing on Japanese activities on the Pacific coast.


According to investigators who have been rounding up the evidence for many weeks, Japanese fishing fleets, long a bone of contention on the west coast, are cover-ups for espionage work and manned by Reserve officers of the Imperial Navy.

Several California Congressmen will take the stand at the hearing, said committee members, and will testify that the fishing fleets are engaged in spying activities.

The committee investigators said they will also reveal at the hearing that the thousands of Japanese on the west coast are under the direct domination of Japan and cooperating fully with their mother country in fifth column spy and traitor activities.

The Nipponese, said the Dies agents, do not stir up internal trouble like the Nazis and Communists, but operate entirely as spies, and send important military and State information to Japan.


The innocuous Japanese fishing fleet of some 1,000 boats, the Committee on Un-American Activities stated, has been locating certain strategic naval operations and could cause serious trouble if Japan and the United States severed relations.

The committee asserts this fleet is ready to dynamite and bomb when and if the order comes from the Imperial Navy.

Asserting that Communist activity in this country has speeded up its tempo and redoubled its efforts since outbreak of the Soviet-Nazi war, the committee will also continue hearings on allegedly Red organizations. Future hearings, the committee said, will inquire further into the American Peace Mobilization, which picketed the White House up until the outbreak of the Russian war and then dropped quickly from sight.


Sensational new testimony at the Philadelphia hearing, said the investigators, will reveal deeper penetration of Nazis and Communists into the ranks of American labor unions and defense industries.

In the giant Washington round-up of un-American activities the Dies hearing plans also call for the issuance of a "Fascist book" which will list all Fascist organizations, members, and their positions.

According to the specially picked corps of Dies agents, who have just completed a lengthy tour of secret investigations, the United States is literally pockmarked with foreign agents promoting the Axis and Communist interests. Japanese companies and societies, they claim, are working actively for foreign powers under the commands of the Japanese Government, and Nazis, Communists, and Fascists have increased their membership and their espionage to a highly dangerous degree.

Washington, July 22. -- Dies committee investigators today declared that they have gathered "sensational evidence" regarding asserted propaganda and other un-American activities of Japanese consular agencies in this country.

This evidence, they said, will be made public soon when general hearings on alleged Japanese espionage are started.

Although it was previously announced that evidence is in hand regarding Japanese activities on the west coast, this was the first intimation that consular agencies were involved.

It was recalled that the committee previously uncovered similar evidence about German and Italian consular agencies in this country. This was withheld from the public for many months pending a State Department check. It ultimately resulted in the German and Italian consuls being ordered out of the country.

Although he declined to disclose the nature of the evidence, Representative Dies, Democrat of Texas, chairman of the committee said that "German, Italian and Japanese consulates have been a focal point of subversive activities in America."

"These people, under the cloak of diplomatic immunity, have been carrying on work inimical to the welfare of the United States," Dies added. "It is time we had a showdown on all phases of the question."

Washington, July 22. -- Chairman Dies (Democrat), Texas, of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, declared tonight he will soon call for expulsion from the United States of all Japanese consuls.

The Dies bombshell coincided with revelation in the Senate by Senator Walsh (Democrat), Massachusetts, chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee, that there are evidences of "widespread sabotage" throughout the Nation's naval shore establishments.


Over sharp objections that it would mean an "OGPU" for America, the Senate heeded warnings by Walsh, drawn from his confidential files, and passed, 41 to 14, a bill providing $1,000,000 to establish a large civilian police guard for all naval shore establishments.

Dies plans early presentation of evidence to prove that the Japanese consular agencies are guilty of anti-American espionage. He said the data would "leave no other course open to this Government" than to give the consuls their walking papers.


The chairman said his committee will make public, through open hearings, 'spectacular evidence" regarding consuls of the Far Eastern Axis partner, and, indicating their activities have centered on the Pacific coast, announced 20 witnesses will be subpoenaed from California.

"It is now time for a showdown on Japanese spy activities in this country," Dies said. "This Government has recently expelled the consular agents of Germany and Italy. After the Government learns what we anticipate will be shown, I cannot see how it can elect any other course than to expel the consuls of Japan also."

Expulsion of German and Italian consuls, now en route to their homelands across the Atlantic, was based upon evidence they were engaged in subversive activities inimical to this country.

Although Dies had earlier revealed he had evidence concerning Japanese espionage, he had not previously disclosed that the consuls themselves were involved in it.

Any expulsion of these agents would have to be ordered by the State Department, which presumably will not be consulted by the committee until following the hearings.

Dies would not detail his data, but he said the committee has long been "reasonably sure" that the consulates of Germany, Italy, and Japan were working jointly in propagandistic and spying activities in this country.

Hair-raising tales of how Japanese naval reservists hold torpedo drills, complete with Rising Sun flags just outside the 3-mile limit off San Pedro, were told today by guess who?

Yep, Congressman Martin Dies, (Democrat), who hasn't been much in the public prints since he ran fourth in the recent Texas Senatorial election.

Dies said he has a witness, formerly attached to the Japanese consulate at Hawaii who sat in on secret meetings at Terminal Island, where elaborate sabotage operations were planned.

The chairman of the House Committee Investigating Un-American Activities said today he had temporarily postponed public hearings on this matter to give the Department of Justice a chance to act.

But if the Federal Bureau of Investigation doesn't swoop swift and soon, said Dies, "the American people will get the facts."

These include the often-published reports that fishing boats manned by Japanese are convertible into torpedo boats. Dies said. Such boats, he added, are the ones his man saw at drill practice.

Informed of the Congressman's press release, local Federal Bureau of Investigation officials had no comment.

A spokesman for the naval intelligence office here said the harbor was all secure with everything under control.

He added that the Navy and Coast Guard were maintaining a stringent patrol at least 60 miles out, and that the navy's neutrality patrol was effective considerably beyond the Hawaiian islands.

Washington, July 31. -- (INS) -- Chairman Dies (Democrat, Texas) of the House Un-American Activities Committee, announced today that his agents have uncovered "a gigantic sabotage plot by the Japanese in California."

Dies said he had evidence that Japanese officers and operators of fishing boats had entered into the plot, which he said had been discussed by them at Terminal Island, Los Angeles Harbor, Calif.

"We have witnesses who actually participated in discussions of proposals to convert Japanese fishing boats into torpedo ships and to get ready to blow up defense installations on the west coast," Dies declared.


The Texan said, however, that his committee would hold off in making details public "until the Federal Bureau of Investigation has a chance to clean up the matter."

Dies said that his principal witness is a former attaché of the Japanese consulate in Hawaii. He refused to name this individual, however, who, he said, "says he is acting now through his loyalty to the United States."

Japanese fishing boats operate from Terminal Island and a series of conferences have taken place between Japanese officials and the boat operators, Dies declared.


"We have many witnesses who have actually seen the things, ready to swear that there have been regular communications between Japanese officials and the boatmen, that these boats are designed so that they are readily convertible into torpedo ships, and that when they got out to sea they often hoist the Japanese flag and hold military drills aboard," he said.

Dies also demanded that steps be taken by this county to deport between 3,000 and 4,000 Japanese commercial agents and some 1,800 students which he says are in this country.

He also asked that Japanese seamen be rounded up in the same way as German and Italian seamen.

Washington, July 31 (U. P.) -- Chairman Martin Dies (Democrat), Texas,, of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, said today his investigators have uncovered sensational evidence of an elaborate sabotage plot by Japanese agents on the west coast.

He said the evidence was obtained from a former attaché of the Japanese consulate in Hawaii who has attended secret meetings of the sabotage ring at Terminal Island, off Los Angeles, home of some 5,000 Japanese and site of a vast United States gasoline depot.

The evidence has been turned over to the Justice Department for prosecution of the ring's members. Dies said, but unless the Department acts promptly, he will order public hearings "so the American people can get the facts."

He said committee investigators were told that Japanese naval officers at Terminal Island are cooperating with Japanese fishermen in the area "whose craft are built for easy conversion into torpedo boats." Many of these craft, he added, frequently sail out beyond the 3-mile limit, hoist the Japanese flag "and hold naval drill practice."

Dies said he favored a round-up of all Japanese seamen in this country in order to restrict their activities.


Agents at the Federal Bureau of Investigation field office in Los Angeles had "no comment" on the statement from Washington yesterday by Representative Martin Dies that his committee had uncovered evidence of an elaborate Japanese sabotage plot on Terminal Island and along the Pacific coast.

One of the agents asked that the dispatch be read to him over the telephone. "We have no comment to make," he said.

"We are going to face serious trouble," Dies said, "unless we clean up this whole situation at once. The Japanese and Nazis in this country have been working in very close collaboration. We should proceed immediately not only to round up the Japanese aliens known to be potential saboteurs, but also should clean out the Nazis from our defense industries.

"The Nazis have followed a policy of placing German nationals or Nazi sympathizers in defense industries, particularly technical experts and mechanics. There are a great many members of the German-American Bund and other Nazi organizations scattered through the aircraft and other defense plants."

Dies pointed out that there are 155,000 Japanese residents in the United States of whom 105,000 are in the Pacific coast area. Also, there are about 1,800 Japanese students, whom he said, he was convinced had been sent to the United States to obtain secret information for the Japanese Government. These students, he said, are working through Japanese consular agents. The consular agents, he declared, have been very active in espionage work, as disclosed by evidence gathered by Dies committee investigators.

SECTION I

JAPAN'S ADVANCE WARNINGS TO THE UNITED STATES

I

II

The American people have brought disgrace upon us Japanese who, with a history of some 3,000 years, have never been subjected to any insult from a foreign country.

No nation in the world respects honor to a higher degree than the Japanese. Small wonder, then, that the Japanese treat the Americans as their enemy. The two nations have not gone to war with each other, but the Japanese cannot possibly bring themselves to regard the Americans as their friends.

Some Japanese are inclined to think that Commodore Perry was a benefactor to Japan on the ground that he opened the country to foreign intercourse toward the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. This is an utter mistake.

Perry did not come to these shores to form a friendship with this country. According to the various documents he dispatched to his Government, he had visited Japan with intent to occupy it.

It was the Americans who manifested considerable displeasure at Japan's advance to East Asia. They have subjected us to manifold indignities.

When and where a Japanese-American war will be fought we cannot say. If the United States of America carries out her traditional China policy to a full extent, then she is bound to clash with Japan sooner or later on the China question which is vital to the existence of this country.

We shall have to settle the question by force of arms, if diplomatic negotiations fail.

This brings us to a consideration of a possible war with America. No matter from what motives hostilities may come to be opened, or whether we assume the offensive or the defensive, there can be no doubt that Hawaii will be the most important strategic point in a war between America and Japan.

Success or failure in the struggle for this strategic point will prove a decisive factor in the war. With the Hawaiian Islands as her base of operations, America could bomb Tokyo or Osaka without much difficulty, provided she uses airplanes and airships of superior quality.

While Hawaii is an American possession, Japan would have to remain on the defensive. But if, on the contrary, Japan occupies the islands, her fleet would find itself in a position not only to assume the offensive, but also to bomb the cities on the west coast of America.

In a war with America, therefore, we must at all costs, even with a sacrifice of a few vessels, take possession of Hawaii. The distance between Hawaii and the American continent is a little smaller than that between the islands and Japan. This would mean that at the outbreak of hostilities the American fleet or fleets of warships would be able to get to the islands before the Japanese, insofar as both fleets have the same speed. For this reason our navy must needs possess ships far speedier than America.

If the main squadron of America were in the Hawaiian waters at the outbreak of war, then a clash between the American and Japanese main fleets would have to take place somewhere between the islands and Yokohama. Should our navy emerge victorious from this battle, it would be able to occupy Hawaii, and its subsequent operations would be facilitated.

The opposite result of this battle would compel the Japanese Navy to remain on the defensive and would render its operations extremely difficult. The great thing is, therefore, for Japan to see that hostilities are opened before the main strength of the American Fleet is brought to Hawaii and that her naval operations take place with lightning speed.

The struggle for Hawaii thus constitutes the first stage of a Japanese-American war. On the assumption that Hawaii was captured by our navy, the Japanese forces would undertake, as the next step, the task of destroying the Panama Canal and the main squadron of America.

If the Japanese Navy succeeded in crushing the American Fleet in the Pacific, landing on the Pacific coast of America would become easy.

At the same time the Panama Canal must be destroyed, as the maintenance of traffic through it would facilitate replenishment of the American Navy.

Attacks should be made on the Canal by an effective air fleet. The destruction of the Canal and the American Fleet would literally be half the battle. Thus would end the second period of the war.

The third period would begin with a landing of Japanese forces on the western coast of the American continent and the work of destroying the cities and naval ports on the west coast.

The next course would be to form the main line of defense along the Rocky Mountains, so that our military troops might be massed in the occupied areas along the coast.

Preparations made west of the Rockies, our army would now take the offensive and advance toward the east coast. This would usher in the fourth and the last period of the war.

Each period would probably last several years; the third and the fourth periods would last the longest. Thus the war would last at least 4 or 5 years; it might even drag out to last several score years. If and when Japan, forestalled by America, finds it impossible to occupy Hawaii, her navy would see the wisdom of deferring a decisive battle with the American ships till full preparations are completed.

Meanwhile, our coast might be subjected to bombardment and the main cities to attacks from the air. Our army would have to defend the coast facing the Pacific and stave off the enemy's landing, while our flotillas of destroyers and submarines would watch for an opportunity of attacking the enemy's capital ships.

When thoroughly ready, our main squadron would go forth and battle decisively with the enemy's. A victory for the Japanese Navy would naturally be followed by the capture of Hawaii and other operations, as described before.

Whether Japan acts on the offensive or on the defensive, a war with America would certainly be a protracted one involving much sacrifice and demanding the united efforts and indomitable perseverance of the nation as a whole.

During the Meiji era Japan fought China on the Korean question and Russia on the Manchurian question. And now it looks as though she were going to fight America on the China question. Such seems to be the fate to which this country is predestinated.

The China question is, as already said, a question of life and death to us. Japan can no longer remain "cabined, cribbed, and confined," as of yore, within her island empire. She needs expansion to the Asiatic continent, which is her "life line."

It is a luxury for America to exercise capitalistic imperialism in China and to attempt to bring that vast territory under her economic domination.

America still has vast areas in her own territory that have to be brought under cultivation. She has considerable quantities of natural resources still to be developed.

She has Canada to her north and Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina to her south, where she can find markets for her goods.

Why should America, then, attempt to practice imperialism on a continent some 5,000 miles distant, across the Pacific, from her own?

III

EXHIBIT NO. 2

* * * Japan cannot remove the difficulties in Eastern Asia unless she adopts a policy of blood and iron. But in carrying out this policy we have to face the United States. * * * In the future if we want to control China, we must first crush the United States just as in the past we had to fight the Russo-Japanese War.

with such large amounts of iron and coal at our disposal we ought to be self-sufficient for at least 70 years. We shall have to acquire the secret for becoming the leading nation in the world. Thus strengthened, we can conquer both the East and West.

IV

The imperialism * * * a product of the fusion of the spirit in which our Nation was founded and the great vision of our people, stands in urgent need of being proclaimed to the corners of the "four seas" and established in this world.

* * * This great vision was defined when Emperor Jimmu * * * issued the imperial proclamation of his ascension to the throne in Kashibara, Yamato * * * after his conquest of the eastern barbarians. The proclamation read: "To accept with regard to the past, the mission of our ancestors to give life to the state and greatly to nourish and increase with regard to the future. In accordance with our imperial ancestors' ambitions, I now establish my capital to conquer the whole world and embrace the whole universe as our state." Now to fulfill the vision "to conquer the world and embrace the universe as our state" so as to pacify the Emperor Jimmu's desire "greatly to nourish and increase" has been our traditional policy * * * The Manchurian incident, viewed in this light, has very great significance. Under the direction of Heaven, Japan has put forward the first step.

When we observe carefully, no other country has a culture with the spirit of our imperialism. Countries in eastern Asia are objects of the white man's oppression. Awakened Japan, however, cannot allow this. If actions of any of the powers are not conducive to our imperialism, our blows shall descend on that power. This is the mission of our imperialism * * *

I. Crucial moment for Japan and America:
II. Expansion of the American Fleet:
III. History of the Japanese-American struggle:
IV. United States-Japan War inevitable:
V. United States naval strength:
VI. New United States weapons and mechanized units:
VII. The great air force of the United States:
VIII. War plans of the United States:
IX. Immediate war versus prolonged war:
X. Time of conflict:
XI. Japan's attack on the Philippine Islands:
XII. The fall of Manila:
XIII. Fear of destruction of foreign trade:
XIV. Singapore and Hong Kong:
XV. The United States Fleet in Hawaii:
XVI. Japan's surprise fleet:
XVII. American naval expedition to Japan.
XVIII. United States Air Force attacks Japan:
XIX. United States-Japanese great battle in the Pacific:
XX. Occupation of Hawaii and closing of Panama Canal:
XXI. Japan-Germany-Italy alliance and the United States:

THE JAPANESE SURPRISE FLEET

Chapter 17, page 279. -- In the future, our submarines must be able to operate alone in the west Pacific; their ability to attack, and to make long journeys, is vitally important. Submarines which can travel 10,000 miles could easily cross the Pacific. There are very small type subs which could accomplish a lot on the American side of the Pacific.

Our navy will quickly occupy the Midway Islands, and a submarine base will be established at once. It is only 1,160 miles to Hawaii, a very convenient distance for our surprise fleet. To this surprise fleet belong * * * mine layers of type * * * model 21. This type is capable of carrying a heavy load of mines for distribution in American sea routes of merchantmen and battleships. We can then strike the enemy fleet at a most opportune time, and cut off communication lines as well as merchantmen. [Editor's note: The number and type of mine layers are not given in the original text.]

Chapter 21, pages 322-324. -- In the Japanese occupation of Hawaii, cooperation between army and navy is most important. The Midway Islands must be taken before we attack Hawaii, for they would give us a good foothold. It will be very easy to take Midway Islands, which are practically defenseless; in fact, it would require only about 1 day's bombardment to take them.

In Hawaii, there are about 150,000 Japanese, one-half of whom are Nisei (Japanese descendants of foreign citizenship). Once the news of Japanese naval victories reaches Hawaii, the Japanese there will quickly organize a volunteer army. There is no doubt but that Hawaii will come into our hands.

Chapter 21, pages 330-332. -- The remaining question is: What will become of the Panama Canal? Panama is a little over 4,600 knots from Hawaii and about 8,000 knots from Japan, so an attack is not an easy matter, and will require a considerable navy force. If, at the outbreak of war, we proceed immediately to attack and close the Canal, we could cut off the Atlantic from the Pacific. It would prove an invaluable asset to our war strategy.

If the Panama Canal falls into Japanese possession and there is another Japan-America war, the United States will certainly strike at Panama; however, while Japan controls this area, the American Fleet will be divided -- one part in the Pacific, the other in the Atlantic -- and the two fleets cannot combine. American imperialism depends upon the strength of her navy, for without it her imperialistic ambitions cannot be realized. Once we control the Canal, we can enforce peace. Besides this, it will bring to an end American threats against Mexico and all other small nations in Central and South America.

Japanese possession of the Panama Canal has a direct bearing upon future peace; therefore, by all means, Japan must take the Canal and keep it even after the war. However, inasmuch as Panama is fortified, it will not be easy to take.

Chapter 22, pages 350-351. -- The purpose of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo alliance is to secure the best possible cooperation in dealing with all kinds of military, political, and economic problems, and to assist one another in the strongest sense of the word. Should America become involved in the war, she would be subjected to a gigantic united attack by Japan, Germany, and Italy.

Only the flag of the sun, which symbolizes our nation, would fly over the Pacific. On the Atlantic, the swastika, which also symbolizes the sun and life, will be active with might. In addition, the meaningful flag of Italy would flash. In the face of all this, if America comes against Japan and tries to block her, it would be no more than a pin prick.

V

Have reliable information that files of Board of Tourist Industries, Japanese Government Railways, and Japan Tourist Bureau, Japanese Government, and Domei News Service are being transferred to Japan on Tatuta Maru {Tatsuta Maru} scheduled to depart from San Francisco Sunday November 2. Files are being handled in part by American Express Co. and will be stored on San Francisco docks until departure of Tatuta Maru. Please advise whether or not you desire us to subpoena the aforementioned files.

SECTION II

JAPANESE NAVAL MAP OF THE PACIFIC AREA

EXHIBIT NO. 3

SECTION III

A JAPANESE HANDBOOK ON THE UNITED STATES NAVY

EXHIBIT NO. 4


EXHIBIT NO. 5


EXHIBIT NO. 6


EXHIBIT NO. 7


EXHIBIT NO. 8


EXHIBIT NO. 9

SECTION IV

TECHNIQUES FOR JAPANESE ESPIONAGE

EXHIBIT NO. 10

This is a woman's handbag with a secret compartment for concealing documents. According to the Japanese inscription at the bottom, the handbag is for the special use of women post-office workers. The photograph above is of the interior of the handbag, and that below is of the exterior.

EXHIBIT NO. 11

This is a photograph of a woman who has a code message concealed in a necklace. In the picture at the right the bead which contains the code message is held between the thumb and the forefinger.

EXHIBIT NO. 12

Here are photographed a woman spy and her daughter who carry on their spy activities disguised as peasants.

EXHIBIT NO. 13

This is a photograph of Bernard Shaw's Devil's Disciple. Certain words in the volume are underlined in invisible ink. According to the Japanese inscription at the left, the spy must read page 45 of the book in order to decipher the code message.

EXHIBIT NO. 14

This is a secret letter cover and a tobacco catalog used in transmitting a code message.

EXHIBIT NO. 15

These are various views of a bar of chocolate which contains a secret code message.

EXHIBIT NO. 16

Photographs of false teeth inside of which were concealed a code message and a diamond finger ring. The ring was to be used as remuneration for information obtained by the spy.

EXHIBIT NO. 17

A postage stamp in which notches have been cut as a key to the understanding of the letter inside the envelope. According to the Japanese inscription at the bottom, the letter was from an Italian spy carrying on his activities in Austria.

EXHIBIT NO. 18

A cigarette case inside of which is carved a map showing strategic points.

EXHIBIT NO. 19

A code message concealed in the tube of a specially constructed lead pencil.

EXHIBIT NO. 20

A code message hidden inside a tube of toothpaste.

EXHIBIT NO. 21

A code message hidden inside the binding of a book carried by a spy.

EXHIBIT NO. 22

According the Japanese inscription at the bottom, this is a reproduction of a picture postcard inside of which is concealed a code message.

EXHIBIT NO. 23

According to the Japanese inscription at the bottom, this is a pair of field glasses inside of which is concealed a miniature camera. With this equipment, spies posing as tourists would be able to obtain photographs from tall buildings and other vantage points.

EXHIBIT NO. 24

A message carried inside a pencil.

EXHIBIT NO. 25

According to the Japanese inscription at the bottom, this is a phonograph record under whose center label is concealed vital information obtained by a worker in a factory.

EXHIBIT NO. 26

A spy's message written in invisible ink across a newspaper advertisement.

EXHIBIT NO. 27

A message placed underneath the name card in its leather holder to be carried across the border.

EXHIBIT NO. 28

A specially constructed fountain pen with a compartment for secreting a message. The picture at the right is intended to show that the pen is indestructible even in the ruins of a city.

EXHIBIT NO. 29

A spy's message concealed on the lining of a necktie.

EXHIBIT NO. 30

A code message concealed underneath false teeth.

EXHIBIT NO. 31

According to the Japanese inscription at the left, this is a lady's handkerchief in which the map of a strategic location is finely embroidered.

EXHIBIT NO. 32

A code message placed inside a bar of soap.

EXHIBIT NO. 33

A match box underneath whose paper covering is concealed a spy's message.

EXHIBIT NO. 34

These matches have been cut in irregular lengths. When placed on a scale, they may be decoded to obtain a spy's message.

EXHIBIT NO. 35

A specially constructed bus with compartments in the top for carrying messenger pigeons.

EXHIBIT NO. 36

According to the Japanese inscription at the bottom, this is a messenger pigeon to which is attached a small camera for taking pictures while in flight over fortifications and other strategic objectives.

EXHIBIT NO. 37

A traveling basket for carrying a messenger pigeon.

EXHIBIT NO. 38

According to the Japanese inscription at the left, this is a balloon equipped with small parachutes which hold baskets carrying messenger pigeons. The balloonist releases the parachutes which are in turn picked up by confederates who take out the pigeons and use them to send messages back to base.

EXHIBIT NO. 39

Miniature parachutes for dropping pamphlets on enemy territory.

II

EXHIBIT NO. 40

EXHIBIT NO. 41

EXHIBIT NO. 42

EXHIBIT NO. 43

On this date I am forwarding your letter, together with enclosure, to the commanding general, Ninth Corps Area, Presidio of San Francisco, requesting instructions. Pending receipt of such instructions I would consider it extremely inadvisable to supply the data asked for. (See Exhibit No. 44.)

EXHIBIT NO. 44

EXHIBIT NO. 45

EXHIBIT NO. 46

EXHIBIT NO. 47

Japanese employed in the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

III

(1) San Francisco Presidio Barracks.
(2) Fort Mason.
(3) Fort Milay.
(4) Fort Funston.
(5) Fort Winfield Scott.
(6) Fort McDowell.
(7) Fort Baker.
(8) Fort Barry.
(9) Fort Cronkhite.
(10) Heidel Temporary Barracks;
(11) Hamilton Air Field.
(12) Mare Island Navy Ship Yard.
(13) Bombing Training Field.
(14) Mother Air Field.
(15) McClellan Air Field and Army Aviation Corps.
(16) Benicia Powder Magazine.
(17) Secondary Aviation School.
(18) Army and Navy Supply Office.
(19) Alameda Navy Aviation Field.
(20) Moffett Aviation Field, Ames Aerial Research and Experimental Station, Navy dirigible (airship) proposed field.
(21) Hunters Point Dock.
(22) Twelfth Navy War Zone Headquarters.
(23) Army Aviation School.
(24) McWide Temporary Barracks.
(25) Army Air Field.
(26) Fort Ord.
(27) Army Aviation School.
(28) Jerone Training Camp.
(29) Clayton Temporary Camp.
(30) Army Bombing Plane Base.
(31) Army Aviation School.
(32) Roberts Temporary Barracks.
(33) Army Aviation School.
(34) Army Aviation Field.
(35) San Luis Obispo Temporary Barracks.
(36) Army Aviation School.
(37) Aviation Men's Training Base.
(38) Monterey, Presidio.
(39) Treasure Island Navy Training Camp and Repair Camp.

EXHIBIT NO. 48

{Title: Army and Navy Bases Stationed in Northern California}

IV

EXHIBIT NO. 49

EXHIBIT NO. 50

The "Li'le Tokyo" from the air.

EXHIBIT NO. 51

Aerial views of Los Angeles City Market and Wholesale Terminal Market.

V

EXHIBIT NO. 52

Japanese truck garden within a few yards of producing oil wells, picture taken on Figueroa Street, Los Angeles, Calif.

EXHIBIT NO. 53

Japanese nursery located in oil field near San Pedro, Calif.

EXHIBIT NO. 54

Japanese store across from tank farm at Wilmington, Calif.

EXHIBIT NO. 55

Looking north on Gaffey Street. Union tank farm on right, Japanese truck garden below.

EXHIBIT NO. 56

Japanese truck gardens underneath power lines and across highway from tank farm, near Wilmington, Calif.

EXHIBIT NO. 57

Unprotected oil storage tanks on public highway near Los Angeles. Japanese lived nearby.

EXHIBIT NO. 58

Union oil tank farm, with Japanese truck garden below.

EXHIBIT NO. 59

VI

EXHIBIT NO. 60

SECTION V

JAPANESE FISHING BOATS

PARTICIPATION OF JAPANESE FISHING BOATS IN JAPANESE VICTORY OVER RUSSIAN FLEET IN BATTLE OF TSUSHIMA (RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-5)

FISHING BOATS -- TENTACLES OF JAPAN'S FIFTH COLUMN -- USED IN PREPARATION OF JAPAN'S ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR ON DECEMBER 7, 1941

EXHIBIT NO. 61


EXHIBIT NO. 62


EXHIBIT NO. 63


EXHIBIT NO. 64


EXHIBIT NO. 65


EXHIBIT NO. 66


EXHIBIT NO. 67


EXHIBIT NO. 68


EXHIBIT NO. 69

STATISTICAL DATA ON VALUATION OF FISHING INDUSTRY 1915-41

1916 ---------- pounds --- 86,490,392
1919 -------------do------ 250,453,244

The wholesale value of the fish marketed fresh at 10 cents per pound would add $5,000,000 to the total value of fishery products, canned and dried, for the year 1919, making a total valuation of $26,417,743 for the year 1919. (P. 105.)

VALUATION OF INVESTMENTS OF FISH CANNERIES

CALIFORNIA FISH CANNING PLANTS, SAN PEDRO DISTRICT

California Marine Curing & Packing Co., Terminal Island.
California Marine Curing & Packing Co., Newport Beach.
California Sea Food Co., Long Beach.
Coast Fishing Co., Wilmington.
Franco-Italian Packing Corporation, Terminal Island.
French Sardine Co., Terminal Island.
Italian Food Products Co., Long Beach and Newport Beach.
Sea Pride Canning Corporation, Terminal Island.
Sea Pride Canning Corporation, Wilmington.
South Pacific Canning Co., Long Beach.
Southern California Fish Corporation, Terminal Island.
South Coast Fisheries, Inc., Terminal Island.
Van Camp Sea Food Co., Terminal Island.
Western Canners, Inc., Newport Beach.

JAPANESE FISHERMEN IN CALIFORNIA OUTNUMBER, WITH ONE EXCEPTION, OTHER NATIONALITIES

It is very significant to note that the increase in Japanese fishermen as shown above from the license year 1915-16 to the license year 1919-20 was 168 percent, or 825 persons, while all of the other nationalities combined increased but 2.07 percent, or 88 persons. This increase in the number of Japanese fishermen is confined largely to Southern California waters.

For the fishing fleet, operating off our coast, to be manned by an alien people involves several factors vital to the best interests of this country, amounting, in fact, to potential dangers.

(1) Is it good public policy at any time, whether at peace or in war, to have so important a food as the fish 'supply monopolized by peoples of an alien race? The growth of the fish industry had made it one of the principal sources of food supply for the State.

(2) The fishing boats in their daily and constant travels in and out and up and down the coast acquire an intimate knowledge of coast line, harbors, and defenses, which is not only exceedingly valuable if used for the benefit of our country, but would be extremely dangerous to us and serviceable to an enemy if made available to such enemy during a period of war.

(3) The experience of the British, in particular, during the late World War demonstrated the value of the services of the fishing fleet for patrol duty along the coast* line during the war, the fishing fleet with its small boats scattered along the entire coast proved exceedingly valuable in reporting the approach of enemy boats and submarines. In the "case of California with a fishing fleet manned by aliens, especially if circumstances made them enemy aliens, we would not only lose the valuable services of these boats for patrol duty during a time of war but this same fishing fleet might become a powerful aid to the enemy.

(4) This fishing fleet provides a convenient means for illegal entry into the State. The following language appears on page 409 of the 1919 report of the United States Commissioner of Immigration: "Numerous Japanese fishing boats on the Pacific coast, operating in Mexican waters, are employed to facilitate the illegal entry of Japanese laborers" (p. 107).

	1915-16	1917-18	1918-19	1941
Italy	1,310	1,138	1,152	2,000
United States	1,094	970	1,185	4,106
Japan	491	998	1,261	3,000

METHOD OF FINANCING JAPANESE FISHERMEN

In most cases Japanese-owned boats are under obligation to some cannery. The cannery furnishes the Japanese with boat and equipment, turning ownership over to him but holding a mortgage on same until paid for by the Japanese. Each catch the Japanese brings in, a certain percent is taken out and credited on the mortgage of the boat. Investigations show that very few Japanese have their boats paid up in full. Japanese boats are registered with the United States customs house as Japanese-owned boats, that shows Japanese ownership according to the registration, but in most cases mortgages are held by some cannery. (Copied from report California and the Oriental, hereinbefore referred to, p. 106.)

Question. What do you consider to be one of the most serious Japanese problems within the Los Angeles Harbor area?

Answer. There is not any one outstanding problem that is more dangerous than the other; the one that is probably the most obvious and the most easily corrected is the allowing of alien Japanese, particularly nonresident alien Japanese, to operate our commercial fishing fleet throughout our harbors and coast line.

Question. Within the California territorial waters?

Answer. That is entirely true. There is a condition similar to this existing in Hawaii and in the Philippines, and the Japanese are now manning the northern boats fishing off the shores of Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska. This is particularly true of British Columbia. The reason that it appears to affect us here more than elsewhere is because of the situation which exists in the Los Angeles Harbor, where oil is stored and which is the concentration point of the national defense industry in shipbuilding and the base of the United States Fleet and the United States Fleet air base.

Question. With reference to the Japanese fishing boat problem, will you please elaborate on its potential danger to the United States?

Answer. Any potential enemy alien being employed on, and in many cases having the control of the operation of, these commercial fishing boats, who can legally navigate any of our waters and observe any of the activities of the fleet and berth his boat or vessel in a harbor that is so vitally necessary to carry on our defense efforts, is in a position to do untold harm, including sabotage, arson, and espionage, in multitudinous ways.

Question. Would you say that these fishing boats and alien crews have engaged in smuggling activities and alien running?

Answer. There is nothing to stop them. In the first place, you want to remember that many of these alien nonresident Japanese are young men whom the Japanese Navy themselves conceded in all probability to be officers or members of the Japanese Navy or Naval Reserve. That statement was by cable from Tokyo about 2 years ago, and the reason they gave for that statement was that for compulsory military training, they chose fishermen in many cases for naval training in the reserve, and when they had served their time and were discharged from training, they sought employment elsewhere, and to the best of my recollection, the Immigration Department should be in a position to verify that there are more than one thousand of these nonresident aliens that pass through here in bond to Lower California, Mexico, and later secure employment in the local fishing fleet but are no longer employed on those boats. Placing yourself in their position, it is perfectly normal to expect that they are going to do everything within their power to delay our national defense preparations, particularly when they imagine they are directed against their own country, Japan, and in their employment on these fishing boats, they are in an ideal spot to carry out such a program. I would do the same identical thing -- if I were allowed employment on a Japanese fishing boat operating in a Japanese naval base in Japan, I would make every effort to give a very good account of myself.

Question. Do the Japanese fishing boats constitute a menace to the United States Fleet?

Answer. So long as these boats come and go without crew lists in their daily occupation of fishing in local waters, it is quite possible for them to load on board in the harbor practically anything they want to take out and deliver to other boats on the high seas, including correspondence, possibly individuals anxious to get out -- small equipment, cameras, binoculars, steel drills, and things of that character, as well as a vast majority of the commodities on the restricted list of articles prohibited from export by the Federal Government. They dock these boats in the lee of the oil tanks at the water side in the harbor district, and it is a comparatively simple matter for those boats to catch afire and explode, with their gasoline engines. If such a plan were properly laid out, and their efforts coordinated, it could destroy the entire harbor district. It is quite possible that they can contact vessels on the high seas, and have been known to do so. Court records have shown this to be true in the past. Explosives or other essential equipment necessary to carry out plans for arson could be removed from these large ships on the high seas. A specific example of a fishing boat meeting a vessel on the high seas is, I believe, somewhere in my files. I have letters from eye witnesses who have seen these vessels contacted by Japanese on the high seas, and in the case of the United States v. Salich and Gorin, a naval intelligence report was introduced in the testimony of Captain Zacharias, United States Navy, showing that one of these Japanese fishing boats contacted a German ship on the high seas and removed certain acids to storage at Ensenada, Mexico.

Question. With reference to an article entitled "Rising Sun Over California * * * So This Is Fishing," by H. R. Washburne, which appeared in the May 1939 issue of Trend Magazine, published by the California State Junior Chamber of Commerce, is it true that you furnished most of the" information contained in this article?

Answer. It is true that Mr. Washburne did interview me and I furnished him with the two photographs that were used in connection with the article, the one showing the American tuna clipper with the Japanese flag on it, and the other showing the profile and plan drawing and how it is possible to convert a tuna Clipper into a mine layer and torpedo boat.

Question. Is it not true that you made the original blueprint of the diagram?

Answer. The tracing was made at my suggestion and under my personal supervision for the purpose of graphically illustrating my argument.

Question. You have read this article, have you not?

Answer. Yes, sir.

Question. In your opinion, is the article as it appeared in the publication authentic?

Answer. Considerable time has elapsed since I read the article, but it is my recollection that it is the best article of its kind written on the subject.

Question. In this article it is stated that "military experts of the United States have observed that a large proportion of the officers of the Japanese controlled fishing boats are retired officers of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and members of the crew are often reservists or even active personnel of the Japanese Navy on leave for 'training.'" And further, that "the Nipponese Government through its official spokesmen, according to a United Press dispatch of April 8, 1938, admitted: 'The Japanese conscript law naturally produces naval reservists, which, after leaving the navy, work * * * in the fishing industry. Naturally we take sailors from fishing groups, wherever possible. When their naval training is finished they return to their former employment. Most likely, therefore, there are (Japanese) reservists in any fleet (flying Japanese flag or controlled by Japanese).'" Did you give this information to Mr. Washburne?

Answer. The text was copied directly from the cable received over the United Press wire, with this exception, that the author injected the matter between the brackets and quoted it all. The last sentence should read as it did in the cable: "Most likely, therefore, there are reservists in any fleet."

Question. With regard to the alien owned or operated fishing boats operating within the territorial waters of the United States, what statistics are available with regard to the number of alien owned or operated fishing boats so operating?

Answer. First, to get the record straight, aliens cannot legally own these boats, but they are owned by corporations, and with the exception of the captain or master, and wireless operator, may all be operated by alien Japanese reservists, if they care to. Accurate statistics concerning the total number of alien controlled, operated, or manner commercial fishing boats are not available. There is no complete record which shows their control. Many of these vessels, owned by American citizens, are operated by aliens, and they are not even required to carry a crew list. Those vessels fishing offshore required to carry a crew list do not have to have California State fish and game licenses, so that statistics from any of these sources, whether the Customs, Immigration, California State Fish and Game Commission, etc., are incomplete and will not show a true picture of the situation.

Question. What would be your estimate concerning the number of alien operated fishing boats at the present time operating within and about the territorial waters of the State of California?

Answer. If this estimate is to include all alien groups, Japanese, Italians, Portuguese, etc., and all sizes of commercial fishing boats, I would say there are not less than 1,000. In some of these boats there are not 100 percent alien crews, but aliens are in the majority and could take physical control.

Question. Is it not true that the American Legion of the State of California has been greatly concerned over the activities of alien operated fishing boats within the territorial waters of the State of California?

Answer. Yes.

Question. And have they not taken steps in the past to see that remedial legislation was enacted within the Assembly of the State of California to deal with this situation?

Answer. In 1935, at the California State Convention of the American Legion, a resolution was passed instructing our department officers to introduce legislation at Sacramento which would restrict all commercial fishing under the jurisdiction of the State to citizens of the United States. This resolution, or mandate, has been passed at every department convention since that time by an overwhelming majority, almost unanimously. The legislation was introduced at the State legislature in 1935, in 1937, and in 1939, and in each case, was killed in committee.

Question. What is your personal opinion as to the reason why this bill was never reported out of committee?

Answer. It is an intriguing question, on which I have some very definite ideas but no proof. It should be obvious that the opposition to this legislation, including the alien elements and the commercial fish canneries, was stronger than the American Legion rank and file, of which we have 60,000 members.

Question. In this connection, would you say that the Japanese organizations within the State of California were very much against the enactment of this legislation?

Answer. Definitely they were actively opposing this legislation, including their language newspapers.

Question. Would you state for the record the name of the organization, or group, or individual, connected with any Japanese organization, which was most active in opposing this legislation?

Answer. The Japanese-American Citizens League -- Ken Tsukamoto, Sacramento, attorney and past prescient of the Japanese-American Citizens League -- and the English editor of the Rafu Shimpo, Togo Tanaka. Tsukamoto was elected the most outstanding Nisei of the year, and Tanaka was given honorable mention for the successful efforts in defeating the bill in the Nisei Association of America in the contest for the outstanding Nisei.

Question. Will you please state for the record the pertinent points contained in the proposed bill?

Answer. Restricted all commercial fishing under control of the State of California to citizens of the United States, and it included a very heavy penalty for violation of the law or anyone conniving with an alien to violate the law. The word "alien" did not appear in the act at all and it was not an anti-alien act as it has been typed. It merely restricted the exploitation of our natural resources of food fish to our own citizens.

Question. Do you believe that the present bill, which has recently been passed by the State Legislature of the State of California, concerning this situation, is adequate to cope with the potential danger of the alien fishing boats?

Answer. Definitely not any more than I would graft skin over a cancer to cure it. It accomplishes no definite purpose.

Question. What does this present bill provide, and wherein does it fall short of being a satisfactory bill to cope with the situation as you see it?

Answer. This bill which has just been enacted provides for the photographing and fingerprinting of persons engaged in commercial fishing on board these vessels, but allows them to continue their employment, and it further provides that these boats are not supposed to go within 100 yards of the naval craft, but the poorest binoculars and spent torpedoes are not handicapped by that distance, and therefore the act, as such, is ineffective to the extent that it does not remove the menace of these aliens on board these vessels, and the very fact that the bill was supported by the Japanese-American Citizens League and all of the interests that fought the American Legion legislation, indicates to me that it is a smoke screen and not intended to accomplish the result of eliminating this potential menace, but merely to continue the conditions as they existed in the past.

Question. In general, then, you believe that the alien fishing boat situation presents a potential and real menace to the security of the United States?

Answer. I very definitely do.

Question. And it is true, is it not, that these fishing vessels, as stated in the article in Trend, notably the tuna clippers, which have a considerable radius of operation and have been reported to have remained at sea for as long as 30 days without refueling, do and can present a real problem so far as the security of the United States is concerned?

Answer. Very definitely they constitute a menace, with their almost unlimited cruising radius -- even 4 of the purse seiner or small type of vessels have steamed under their own power to the Philippine Islands and returned. About 30 of this latter type have been purchased by the United States Navy for use along the coast.

TESTIMONY OF FIRST WITNESS

Question. What is your business?

Answer. Fisherman.

Question. Where were you born?

Answer. Dalmatia.

Question. That is a part of Jugoslavia?

Answer. Yes.

Question. When did you come to the United States?

Answer. In 1921, and came to Los Angeles January 21, 1921.

Question. When did you become a citizen?

Answer. November 5, 1926.

Question. Have you been fishing out of Los Angeles since?

Answer. I was in Alaska for three seasons, 1927, 1928, and 1929, for 4 or 5 months each season, and then I came back here.

Question. When did you first begin to fish in these waters?

Answer. The first day I came I went fishing in Mexico. Since 1933 I have been fishing out of San Pedro and off the Lower California coast.

Question. During those years, did you notice that the Japanese were doing quite a bit of fishing in the waters of Lower California?

Answer. Oh, yes; all the time, and all kinds of fish.

Question. When you were fishing off the west coast of Mexico, did you notice any Japanese boats down there?

Answer. Sure -- they were tuna clippers.

Question. Did they ever raise the Japanese flag?

Answer. When these fishing boats were from 60 to 70 miles from shore and whenever they passed a large Japanese steamer, they would salute with the Japanese flag.

Question. In other words, when the fishing boats passed the Japanese liners, they would salute?

Answer. Yes -- they saluted the liners with the Japanese colors.

Question. Were these fishing boats American boats?

Answer. Yes; I think they were.

Question. What kind of a crew did they have?

Answer. A white man engineer was employed on all of them, working out of the canneries, but the members of the crews were mostly Japanese.

Question. Did you later buy your own fishing boat?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Who helped you buy it?

Answer. We put down $10,000 cash -- I and my partner, and Van Camp's took a mortgage on the boat for the balance.

Question. What did you agree to do for Van Camp in order to obtain this mortgage?

Answer. We paid him 6 percent on the money.

Question. It is true, is it not, that when you were fishing off the Gulf of Lower California-Mexican waters, you observed many Japanese fishermen working for the Mexican canneries at Ensenada?

Answer. Yes; at Turtle Bay, Ensenada, and Cedros Island.

Question. About how many fishing boats manned by Japanese are to be found in one fishing area?

Answer. Only about two of them are manned by white men completely.

Question. When the United States Fleet was stationed in the San Pedro area, did you ever notice that the Japanese fishing boats cruised around them and that pictures were taken by members of the Japanese crew?

Answer. I saw them take pictures. They took pictures of the shores in the Gulf of Lower California.

Question. You have noticed, have you not, that almost all of the Japanese members of crews of these boats carry cameras?

Answer. Yes; a lot of them.

Question, You know, do you not, that all of these Japanese fishing boats carry two-way radios?

Answer. The tuna clippers have wireless and the smaller boats have radio telephones.

Question. Is it not a fact that these Japanese fishing boats, by employing Japanese crews, keep good American citizens from obtaining employment on these boats?

Answer. Oh, yes; absolutely -- the Japanese work cheaper and the canneries like to employ them in preference to us.

Question. In other words, the canneries want to continue having Japanese fishermen on the island so they can have cheap labor?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Do you believe that the alien-operated fishing boats which operate out of San Pedro and other fishing ports along the west coast are a menace to our national security?

Answer. They are too patriotic for Japan, and therefore they are a menace to our national security.

Question. Do you believe that these boats could be run alongside oil docks or other strategic wharves and that they could be used to destroy these oil docks and wharves either by fire or by explosives?

Answer. It is easy to do right now when there's nobody watching.

Question. Therefore, you believe, do you not, that the concentration of a Japanese alien population in such close proximity to the national defense area and the principal fleet base of the United States is a definite menace?

Answer. Yes; absolutely.

Question. When you were in partnership with -----, and -----, a Japanese, the members of the crew of your boat at that time were Japanese, were they not?

Answer. There were three white men and the rest were Japanese.

Question. During this period of about 5 months when you worked with the Japanese crew, you observed, did you not, that they were for Japan and that at various times, stated they were for Japan?

Answer. Absolutely.


Question. How long have you been a fisherman?

Answer. Since 1918.

Question. Where did you begin fishing?

Answer. In Alaska.

Question. How long did you fish there?

Answer. Nine or ten years.

Question. Did you ever run into the Japanese when you were fishing off the Alaskan coast?

Answer. Yes; in Bering Sea -- 3 or 4 miles out -- small boats would operate from big ships. These big ships were cannery ships, made of steel, and weighed about seven to eight thousand tons. There were four of them.

Question. When did you last fish off the Alaskan coast?

Answer. In 1935.

Question. Were these big ships operating at that time?

Answer. Yes.

Question. When did you come down to San Pedro?

Answer. I came down to San Pedro in 1936.

Question. Did you buy a boat or did you fish with someone else?!

Answer. I bought a boat at that time -- the -----, which I sold later.

Question. Have you recently bought another boat?

Answer. I bought a boat with -----, called the -----, on -----.

Question. Did the Van Camp Sea Food Co. help you buy this boat?

Answer. Yes, sir.

Question. I believe you heard the testimony of Mr. -----. What he said about the purchase of the boat is substantially correct, is it not?

Answer. That is correct.

Question. Did a Japanese by the name of ----- have an interest in this boat?

Answer. Yes.

Question. When you first started out in November 1940, with this boat, was the crew composed mostly of Japanese?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Are they hard to control when they get out in the open sea?

Answer. They are.

Question. Did your crew give you any trouble?

Answer. No -- but as a rule they are hard to control.

Question. Are Japanese good fishermen?

Answer. Not so hot -- white people are better fishermen.

Question. This Japanese had charge of the crew, did he not?

Answer. Yes.

Question. When you bought an interest in this boat, ----- already had a crew, did he not?

Answer. Yes, sir.

Question. And because of the fact that ----- was a Japanese, the Japanese crew naturally looked to him for directions when out at sea?

Answer. Yes.

Question. In other words, he was something on the order of a "straw" boss?

Answer. They (the crew) were scared of him.

Question. Is there someone on the order of a Japanese "straw" boss who controls the Japanese crews on all of these Japanese boats that have American masters and American engineers?

Answer. Yes; so far as I know.

Question. When the boats are out at sea, they are more in control of the Japanese than the Americans?

Answer. Yes; that is right.

Question. By having an American as a master and as an engineer, the Japanese are able to evade the law in this regard, but they really control the ship and the crew, is that right?

Answer. Yes. When they get out at sea, they control the boat and the crew.

Question. How long did you continue to operate with a Japanese crew before you tried to get rid of them?

Answer. About 5 months -- I tried to get them out three or four times.

Question. How did you finally get rid of the Japanese crew?

Answer. We came in about 10 days before the close of the season. At about 5 o'clock in the morning, in the galley, they fixed some kind of a breakfast and then went home and said "Everything is O. K." I got a key from the pilot house and then I went home, too, and went to bed. The telephone rang. My wife answered it, and said that a Jap wished to talk to me. I answered the phone and this Japanese told me that he was calling from the dock and that the boat was on fire. Then I dressed quickly and telephoned my partner, -----. We went down to the dock and that Jap who called me on the phone was waiting for us there. We went in his car and I said, "What is the matter?" He said, "The boat is on fire but not damaged very much." Then we went on board and found a Japanese cook on the boat -- he was drenched with water -- he had poured water on the floor and everywhere to put the fire out. All the deck under the stove was burned out. The boat was tied up for 12 days, and by that time the season was over, and we said we would not hire any more Japanese because we do not trust them.

Question. Did you ever hear the Japanese who is at present on the fishing boat ----- state that he learned all he knew about navigation when he was in the Imperial Japanese Navy?

Answer. Yes.

Question. You believe, do you not, that there are a number of these Japanese on these fishing boats who are well educated and who probably were in the Japanese Navy at one time?

Answer. Yes.

Question. And these Japanese fishermen know every foot of our harbor and coastal waters better than our own people?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Would you say that Japanese pilots, such as -----, who was on your boat, are better qualified as pilots than pilots of other nationalities?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Would you say they know every foot of the coast line?

Answer. I do not know about Lower California, but I do know that a Japanese by the name of -----, who had a fishing boat, -----, in 1935, operating off the coast of Oregon and California, boasted that he knew those waters better than any man he ever saw. He knew all about the bottom and the rocks and everything else about those waters.

Question. And it is your opinion that Japanese make excellent pilots?

Answer. Yes.

Question. If these Japanese pilots were to return to Japan and enter the service of the Japanese Navy again, they could very well serve as pilots on Japanese submarines and come over here?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Do you believe that these Japanese mother ships could bring men and supplies and land them on the Alaskan coast?

Answer. That is true. They could land a million men without anyone knowing it because there are large bays, 50 miles in width, along the Alaskan coast, and nobody whatsoever is around there, except perhaps a few Eskimos.

Question. You have actually seen Japanese operating small boats within the 3-mile limit?

Answer. Yes; I have broken a lot of these small glass buoys that the Japanese use to hold up fishing nets.

Question. Many of these Japanese operated fishing boats are very fast, are they not?

Answer. Yes; some of them.

Question. Would you say that the tuna clippers have a long cruising radius?

Answer. Yes. They can go to Europe if they want to -- or to Japan.

Question. You then agree entirely with the statement that the Japanese aliens are a definite menace to our national security in being allowed to operate in the territorial waters of. the United States, near United States Navy anchorages, near Navy docks, and in strategic areas?

Answer. In my opinion, they are too dangerous.

(The foregoing statements were taken on July 8, 1941.)

Shortly after I assumed my duties as United States attorney, my attention was called to two reports of the customs agent, covering investigations into the ownership of two fishing boats, namely, the Nancy Hank and the Three Stars. The reports indicated that these boats were in whole or in part owned by aliens and were subject to libel under title 46, section 325, United States Code.

Before commencing libel proceedings, I caused a general investigation to be made concerning the ownership of the vast fleet of fishing boats operating out of the ports of San Pedro and San Diego. This investigation disclosed that a goodly portion of the fishing boats were tainted with alien ownership. I found it was customary for a fishing boat to he owned by a group and often only one or two would be aliens, yet, such boat was subject to forfeiture, thereby working great hardships upon innocent citizens and if such forfeiture were insisted upon, the life savings of numerous individuals would be wiped out. I further ascertained that there were four groups of nationals operating these fishing boats, namely, Slavonians, Portuguese, Italians, and Japanese, and that when a fishing boat left a port it was usually manned by nationals of one of the above named groups. The investigation further disclosed that the fishing industry in the waters of southern California had its first real impetus during the First World War. During that period and immediately following the fishing industry was greatly encouraged and developed. Statistics show that in 1937 the annual catch for California amounted to approximately $34,000,000 and approximately $10,000,000 represents the permanent investment in cannery equipment. The industry furnished employment to approximately 10,000 people. I further learned that a strict and harsh enforcement of section 325 would seriously disrupt the industry and that large investments in the canneries and boat ownerships would be seriously affected, and many people probably would be added to the large rolls of unemployment which existed at that time. It was also ascertained that the widespread alien ownership was partially due to the lack of enforcement of the navigation laws of the United States. The enforcement evidently had been relaxed for the purpose of encouraging the upbuilding of this new industry. It therefore seemed to me unduly harsh that the Government should impose the severe penalty provided by section 325 when it had been partially responsible for the unhealthy condition existing.

After numerous conferences with representatives of the industry and representatives of the Department of Commerce, we arranged for a method of eliminating the alien ownership under compromise agreements, to which the industry apparently assented. But after means of affecting settlements had been arrived at, we found that the industry was not cooperating in accordance with our understanding and as a result the Federal grand jury for this district indicted Genkichi Koishi, Walter H. Gillis, Montgomery Phister, Roy P. Harper, Harry C. Ward, and Gilbert Van Camp under section 88, title 18, United States Code. After considerable skirmishing around the defendants were re-indicted under section 808, title 46, United States Code, to which all defendants entered a plea of nolo contendere and fines of $7,000 were imposed. In addition to the $7,000 fine the defendants, who with the exception of Koishi, were directors of the Van Camp Sea Food Co., paid an additional $38,000 in satisfaction of libels against the two boats referred to in the indictment.

The industry thereby ascertained that the Government was serious in its intention of enforcing the navigation laws and thereafter fully cooperated in eliminating alien ownerships from fishing boats.

As a result of this campaign we were instrumental in collecting fines and penalties for the Government approximating from $150,000 to $180,000 and thereby virtually eliminated all alien interests in the fishing boats working out of the ports of southern California. We only concerned ourselves with boats in excess of 20 tons.

From information we had learned that these boats varied in value from $20,000 to $200,000; all are equipped with Diesel engines and most of them with shortwave radio apparatus. Many of them had cruising ranges up to 6,000 miles.

We also learned that those engaged in the industry found it very remunerative. All men worked on shares, and we learned that the average earning of a fisherman was approximately $2,500 per year and that many earned from $4,000 to $6,000 per year. It appears that fishermen are born, not made, and many who attempt to engage in the industry find that they do not have "fisherman's luck" and that it takes time to train those who appear to be fit for this occupation.

During our contact with this program we came in close touch with the representatives of the Naval Intelligence in this area and found that we had their wholehearted support in our program. We further learned that boats manned by aliens, particularly Japanese, were viewed with considerable suspicion. Naval Intelligence officers felt that the boats manned by Japanese in particular were engaged in constant espionage work and with their intimate knowledge gained in the operation of these boats knew our coast line and harbors perfectly, and in the event of a national emergency would be in a position to do widespread sabotage. In fact, through the operation of these boats they not only came in contact with our own coast line but with the entire coast line of Central and South America.

When we completed our program as outlined, to our sorrow learned we had accomplished but little. While the boats were citizen owned, they were still being manned by the same group of aliens, and it became apparent that it made little difference who owned the boats, but the real problem was who manned the boats. I then realized that we had made a drive, imposed heavy penalties on the industry, and yet accomplished nothing toward the elimination of those who might be interested in either espionage or sabotage.

The States of Washington and Oregon have to a marked degree corrected this situation by State legislation, whereby they limited the issuance of commercial fishing licenses to citizens only. We attempted to obtain like legislation from our State legislature but were blocked by the combined efforts of communist, Japanese organizations, canneries and labor organizations. At a hearing before the Fish and Game Committee of the State Legislation of the State of California, Commander Zacharias, who at the time was in charge of the Naval Intelligence for this area, appeared before this committee after he had obtained authority from his superiors in Washington. At the hearing Commander Zacharias urged the adoption of this State legislation and stated that it would materially add to our national security. We were thus confronted with the fact that notwithstanding it was common knowledge that the Congress of the United States was appropriating millions for national defense, upon the recommendation of the Navy Department, the State Legislature of the State of California refused to take seriously the recommendation of Commander Zacharias. We had the support of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. A side light of this is the fact that most of the Japanese fishermen belong to the American Federation of Labor, while most of the citizen fishermen belong to the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

The Native Sons of the Golden West and the American Legion were both very active in urging the adoption of this legislation.

Public sentiment in California was definitely in favor of this legislation and those of us who were interested in correcting this evil thought of submitting the matter through a referendum but the cost of about $25,000 to initiate it made it impossible.

Thereafter Congressman Harry R. Sheppard of California introduced a bill (H. R. 8180). Later Congressman Bland introduced a bill (H. R. 9918) dealing with the subject matter. The Bland bill was passed by the House but failed to receive action from the Senate before adjournment. Since then no further legislation has been introduced in Congress to my knowledge. As far as I know the State of California has passed no legislation that would be effective in handling this problem.

Personally, I am unable to testify to any acts of espionage nor do I know of any sabotage which has been committed by the group of aliens operating our fishing fleet, however, in the case of United States v. Gorin, which I personally prosecuted, wherein one of the defendants was accused of purloining reports from the Naval Intelligence Office and selling the same for a consideration to the defendant Gorin, an agent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, reports of the Naval Intelligence Office were introduced in evidence and an examination of the exhibits clearly indicates that the Naval Intelligence has been keeping a very close check on the activities of Japanese. I am attaching copies of two reports (exhibits 1 and 2) which refer to certain activities that indicate strong suspicion of espionage and possible sabotage. This case was appealed to our circuit court and a report therefore may be found in 111 F. 2d 712. The conviction of the defendants was finally affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, January 13, 1941, and is found in 312 U. S., page 19.

Of course, constant rumors were brought to me concerning the activities of the fishing boats, particularly those manned by Japanese, but as I stated before no overt acts that could be substantiated were brought to my attention.

Your attention should be called to the fact that the only American bottoms that are not necessary to be manned by American citizens are fishing boats and yachts. Your attention should also be called to the fact that recently the Navy has acquired a number of these boats and are now being prepared to be used as mine layers, mine sweepers, and gate tenders. The recent war has indicated their usefulness at the time of a national emergency and in the event of a national emergency many of these boats, with their wide cruising range, could easily be lost to this country and made available to a potential enemy. These boats should be entirely manned by American citizens thereby insuring their availability in the event their use becomes a necessity. They will never truly be American bottoms until they are American owned and American manned.

I think I should further call your attention to section 802, title 46 United States Code which still permits aliens, through subterfuge by the incorporation route, to circumvent the ownership of these bottoms.

It may be of further interest to your committee to note that section 325 was first enacted during the administration of George Washington. It was enacted pursuant to a message he sent to Congress under date of December 8, 1790. An excerpt of this message is attached to this statement, (exhibit 3) which certainly reflects that history repeats itself.

Your attention is further directed to certain hearings that were held by Congressman Bland's committee in which several departments of the Government were represented.

This statement indicates that all I can give you is a general background of the picture. I have assumed throughout that the free access of our ports by aliens, that are now recognized as potential enemies, is detrimental to our national security. The Naval Intelligence should have available supporting evidence in this respect.

I might further state that since the agitation for legislation correcting this evil, practically all alien fishermen who are eligible to citizenship have become naturalized. The only group that will be seriously affected by such legislation are the alien born Japanese.

I do not wish to be understood as being prejudiced in any way against the Japanese. They have proven themselves intelligent, alert, energetic, and their children excel as students in our schools. Any criticism I might have is toward our former governmental policy that permitted a minority group that is not subject to assimilation to settle in our midst. I am informed that we now have in excess of 100,000 in California. During the period of my intense interest in this subject I have been motivated solely by the desire to correct a condition that might, in the event of an emergency, endanger the security of this Nation.

In my efforts to obtain both State and Federal legislation I have interviewed many representatives of the Government and found that the main obstacle in procuring legislation is due to the fact that this problem exists only in southern California and the Hawaiian Islands. To many it appears harsh to enact legislation that will affect innocuous aliens engaged in fishing in other parts of the United States. To my way of thinking an American bottom should be redefined to be a bottom that is both American owned and American manned.



Memo for DIO.
Subject: Japanese fishing boats.

1. The following information has come from a fairly reliable informant.

In June 1937 the Japanese fishing boat Flying Cloud, which was registered to owner Mato Suke Tsuida, San Diego, purchased from Van Camp Sea Food Co., came into Ensenada from the south with a very heavy load of gasoline drums. These drums were procured from the German freighter Edna, were landed in Ensenada, and stored in a flour mill nearby. In September 1937 the same procedure took place. The keeper of this mill was an Italian who kept it under a guard of two men day and night. These drums were about twice the size of our own gasoline drums. The drums' ends were painted yellow, and the only lettering was the stenciled initials A. H. In October 1937 the contents of one of these drums was secured and substance tested. It was found to be not gasoline but an acid substance which when mixed with salt turned into minute bubbles, just under the surface of the water, and attacked violently any metals placed in this solution. The flour mill in which these drums were stored burned down the day before an immigration officer was shot on the border while trying to stop two men from crossing into the United States.

In the fall of 1937, a vessel in the molasses trade, between the Hawaiian Islands and the United States which bore an Indian name, was loading molasses at a sugar mill in Hawaii, when it was reported that some of this substance was dumped overboard on a rising tide by a Japanese fishing boat. The plates of this vessel were supposed to have been 25 percent eaten during the period of her loading. In February 1938, two Japanese were arrested by fish and game commission for using acid near the jetty of Terminal Island to catch fish. The informant suspicious of this, investigated immediately and believed this to be the same substance, but was used to eat away a large cable, one end of which was imbedded in the jetty. All of these facts have not been checked as yet and an investigation will be conducted. Efforts will be made to obtain samples of this alleged acid. It is noted that this acid is supposed to come on German boats through the Panama Canal. If such drums are seen by the inspectors at Panama, a sample of their contents should be taken. The drums should be examined with a possibility of an inner container. The fishing boat Flying Cloud is reported to do little fishing and spends a great deal of its time in transporting the above-mentioned drums. She is reported to provision and fuel from the Sendai Maru. When approaching American ports she flies the American flag, but upon getting out to sea the ship always flies the Japanese flag. Her radio set is capable of reaching Japan and they have frequent communications with that country. It has been learned that all of these fishing boats are required to carry American licensed radio operators. It is believed that a few reliable radio operators could be found on these boats or that possibly several reliable operators could be placed on the larger tuna clippers. There is aboard the Flying Cloud a Japanese who is an expert radio operator and does most of the communication work. The licensed American operator is not required to do anything. It is further reported that large Japanese clippers frequently exchange boat crews and particularly so when planning to come into the United States from Mexico.

2. Upon the occasion of the Astoria and Quincy joining the fleet in Long Beach, a Japanese freighter left her berth from Wilmington and stood to sea in the direction of these vessels. She took no usual commercial course but stood in such a direction as to pass the cruisers close aboard. Two large cameras were used to photograph the cruisers. Three fishing boats left the fish harbor and stood out to meet the cruisers. These fishing boats distributed themselves in the following order: one stayed inside the breakwater, very near their expected anchorage, and the other stood outside the breakwater, a considerable distance apart and waited for the cruisers to pass.

3. Three weeks ago the second officer of a Japanese freighter joined some of his friends ashore, drove over to the edge of Reeves Field, and took numerous pictures.



Subject: Japanese activities.

1. All vessels of the Yamashita Line usually anchor as close as possible to the boundary between the general and naval anchorages in San Pedro Harbor. They are frequently seen photographing the fleet from these ships.

2. The Nippon Maru, on or about August 1, 1938, was anchored along the boundary mentioned above and a Japanese on board was taking pictures of the United States Fleet with telescopic lens.

3. On or about Tuesday, November 1, the U. S. S. Wright with a squadron of PBY flying boats was conducting maneuvers, based at Reeves Field, Terminal Island. On that day there was a large crowd of young Japanese gathered along the fence at the west end of the field very interested in all activities.

4. On October 26, 1938, at about 0715, a number of Japanese were noticed taking various pictures of the Wilmington refinery of the Texas Oil Co.

5. This office is constantly receiving such reports, as the above particularly mentioning the photographing of military planes at Mines Field and the Reeves Field. Further, the purchase by the Japanese of air views of San Pedro area oil fields and refineries, in California unquestionably shows their interest in obtaining every bit of possible information concerning our defense and vulnerable spots. In view of the fact that there is no law against such indiscriminate photographing of everything, government agencies are handicapped in their efforts to assure national security and it is recommended that the prohibited zones bill be placed in effect as soon as possible.


The disturbed situation of Europe, and particularly the critical posture of the great maritime powers whilst it ought to make us more thankful for the general peace and security enjoyed by the United States, reminds us at the same time of the circumspection with which it becomes us to preserve these blessings. It requires also that we should not overlook the tendency of a war and even of preparation for a war among the nations most concerned in active commerce with this country to abridge the means and thereby at least enhance the price of transporting its valuable productions to their proper markets. I recommend it to your serious reflections how far and in what mode it may be expedient to guard against embarrassments from these contingencies by such encouragements to our own navigation as will render our commerce and agriculture less dependent on foreign bottoms, which may fail us in the very moments most interesting to both of these great objects. Our fisheries and the transportation of our own produce offer us an abundant means for guarding ourselves against this evil.


The critical posture of the European powers will engage a due portion of our attention and we shall be ready to adopt any measures which a prudent circumspection may suggest for the preservation of the blessings of peace. The navigation and the fisheries of the United States are objects too interesting not to inspire a disposition to promote them by all the means which shall appear to us consistent with their natural progress and permanent prosperity.

Heretofore in this statement I have stated that I have heard many rumors concerning espionage activities. I would like to amplify my statement in this regard by stating that it has been accepted as true and considered a matter of common knowledge that Japanese operated fishing boats seem to find the best fishing grounds in the vicinity of the maneuvers of the American Fleet. Wherever the fleet happens to be for some strange reason the fish seem to follow and as a result Japanese fishermen are always on hand to make their catch. It is a strange coincident that when the American Fleet was conducting its maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea, for the first time in the history of the operation of fishing boats, fishing developed to be exceptionally good in the vicinity of such maneuvers.

It is also a matter of common knowledge that these fishing boats are in constant touch with the fishing fleet working out of the waters of Central America, and that such boats are in constant touch with each other.

Until recently it has been the common practice of certain large tuna clippers operating out of San Diego to leave the port with a skeleton crew and proceed to Ensenada, Mexico, where there is a large Japanese colony located and there pick up the balance of the necessary crew and proceed on their fishing trip. After the catch has been completed, they would return to Ensenada and there drop most of their crew and proceed again with the skeleton crew to San Diego for the purpose of disposing of the fish. Also until recently it was common practice for Japanese from Ensenada to return to San Diego from such fishing trips and bring as members of the crew alien Japanese who would thereby have the privilege of the ordinary shore leave granted seamen. Through this practice it has been easy for Japanese to gain access to our shores and lose themselves in our large Japanese population.

However, as far as I know, the only prosecution disclosed by our records of Japanese operating fishing boats being engaged in the smuggling of aliens, is that of Genkichi Koishi, who was prosecuted in this court, for violation of section 8 of the Immigration Act, and received a sentence of 18 months in the Federal penitentiary. This indictment was filed September 6, 1928, and Koishi was convicted on October 22, 1928. These facts are reflected in case No. 9337 on file in the office of the United States district clerk for this district.

In the year 1919 the Central Japanese Association contributed $1,400 to fight the anti-alien fishing legislation in Sacramento in that year.

JAPANESE DOMICILED ON TERMINAL ISLAND, LOS ANGELES HARBOR

Question. It is true, is it not, that you have been employed as a special watchman on Terminal Island for the last three and a half years?

Answer. Yes.

Question. During the time that you have spent in this occupation you have worked on the island mostly during the evenings?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Would you please specify the time?

Answer. Approximately from 8 p. m. to 6 a. m. It varies a half hour either way.

Question. It is true, that you have come in contact with the Japanese element to a great extent and have had occasion to observe their subversive and suspicious activities?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Would you please elaborate?

Answer. In the past 2½ years upon the docking of any and all Japanese freighters, tankers, and whalers under Japanese registry, several members of the crews of these ships came to Fish Harbor, went to Japanese homes, and spent many hours in deep conversation pertaining to the American Fleet anchored in the harbors of San Pedro and Long Beach, respectively. I have also noticed the taking of pictures of the United States Fleet and of recent date the consulting of maps which were in Japanese.

Question. And you have been present when a number of Japanese from these ships have met in Japanese homes on Terminal Island?

Answer. Yes.

Question. And that these crew members from these Japanese ships are Japanese naval officers?

Answer. Yes.

Question. You have also seen various Japanese officers from these ships appear at their houses dressed in Japanese uniforms?

Answer. Yes; and some in civilian clothes and others dressed as Japanese fishermen on Terminal Island in order to escape notice.

Question. Is there any doubt in your mind, that there is a great deal of espionage activity on Terminal Island among the Japanese people?

Answer. No.

Question. Will you please explain?

Answer. In the month of December 1940, a Japanese freighter was docked at berth 228E on Terminal Island, and I noticed during the course of the evening in making my rounds in, through, and about the Japanese camp that there were several Japanese officers and members of the crew drifting over to a house occupied by a Japanese on Albicore Street. Sometimes they arrived singly, sometimes in two's, and in one case there were three. Along about 1 a. m. of this night I went to the back of this house and went up on the porch and walked in the hallway and heard several voices speaking in Japanese. I knocked on the door, and a voice asked who was there in English. I identified myself and the door was unlocked and I entered. There was a large table with approximately 12 Japanese sitting around it. They were having a so-called Japanese feast consisting of fish, rice, etc. The Japanese in question spoke to the rest of the Japanese in Japanese and during his speaking to them the word "watchman" was mentioned twice, which evidently pertained to myself. I was asked to sit down and I went through the customary hospitality which is offered by the Japanese people of eating a little raw fish and drinking a cup (about thimble size) of rice wine, better known as sake.

Approximately 10 minutes after I entered the house, there were other footsteps in the hall and there was a knock on the door and some words in Japanese were spoken. The door was opened and this Japanese came into the room, looking at me immediately because when I am on duty I am in uniform. Again the conversation in Japanese and the word "watchman" mentioned. After the customary welcome to this late arrival, he reached inside his blouse and took out a standard size picture postal card. He then said something to all of them in Japanese and he held the card in his hand and showed it to the crowd that was there. The picture was not turned at that time entirely toward me where I could get a good look at it, but sometime later there was considerable conversation going on in Japanese and the Japanese to my left evidently did not get a good look at the picture because he spoke to the one who had this picture and he turned it to him, and at that time I noticed that it was Hitler in his army uniform. There was much applauding and bowing. Shortly after that I left.

Question. Did you know any of the men who were present at this meeting, and if so. are any of them still on the island and known to you?

Answer. Yes.

Question. On other occasions in various Japanese homes have you personally seen the Japanese Emperor's picture displayed?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Do they also display the Japanese flag on various occasions?

Answer. Yes.

Question. What do you consider further as being of a suspicious or subversive nature?

Answer. Up until the first of last month there was a Japanese living at 335 Cannery Street. I have been in his house many times and noticed what I consider the finest photography that I have ever had the pleasure to see -- pictures of mountains, valleys, stretches of beaches, also pictures of our fleet lying at anchor in Long Beach Harbor, and in particular the Saratoga and the Lexington, of which the photography was so clear that it seemed like you could pick the sailors off the deck.

He also made a business of taking photographs of Japanese residents commercially. He told me at one time that his cameras, which had telescopic lens, and his complete dark room equipment for developing and printing, etc., were worth approximately $2,800.

This Japanese had been for many years in the fresh fish business, selling fish as far south as Oceanside to the towns along the way and as far north as Santa Monica.

A month ago this Japanese sold his fish business, his house, and his automobile, and has returned to Japan. I have inquired further about this man, and they said that he had been called back to Japan to serve in the Japanese Imperial Navy. What position he held I was unable to find out.

Question. Do you believe it would be safe to say that there are more than 100 Japanese actively, or thought to be actively, engaged in subversive or suspicious activities, including Japanese crew members from the Japanese ships that dock near the island?

Answer. I would say that you are just about 800 short. I figure that there are approximately 1,000, including visitors from the ships, Imperial Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and Monterey.

Question. Have you observed subversive or suspicious activities in connection with the Japanese fishing boats which operate out of Terminal Island?

Answer. On several occasions when tuna clippers, returning from Mexican waters, docked at Fish Harbor, I have observed as many as six Japanese coming off this ship after customs inspectors, fish inspectors, and cannery officials have left for the night, and have seen them going along the dock and getting into a large sedan parked on Ways Street, which is not lighted, and immediately leave the island, driving in Alameda Street toward Los Angeles.

On other occasions I have noticed a high speed truck of steel construction go to different parts of the dock and take large boxes off of these tuna clippers. I have been told that these boxes contain ammunition, which is merely hearsay, but I do firmly believe that these crates and boxes contain contraband of some sort. This truck is always closely followed by an automobile containing three or four Japanese and on two occasions I have stopped the truck. Both times it was empty. It is made of steel with no windows, has a heavy iron bar across the double doors in the rear which is fastened by a heavy padlock.

I have also observed one, F. Mio, 777 Tuna Street (phone: San Pedro 2912), a Japanese restaurant owner, who has boasted to others that he is one of the best spies there is. At one time about 3 years ago upstairs over his restaurant in the corner room which commands a view of all of fish harbor and part of the harbors of Long Beach and San Pedro where our fleet would anchor, there was a large 6-foot telescope mounted on a 3-legged tripod with adjustments for night and day work. When they found out that I knew the telescope was there, an automobile came down from Los Angeles, loaded the telescope, and left, presumably for Los Angeles, I have never seen one like it since. Furthermore, there are two short-wave sending and receiving sets located in the Japanese colony along with some 200 12-, 15-, and 18-tube general broadcast and short-wave receiving sets.

Closely associated with F. Mio is one, K. Hashimoto, 757 Tuna Street (phone: San Pedro 6236). Hashimoto has a police record, having been arrested several years ago by Captain Gentry of the Los Angeles Police Department who is now located at the Seventy-seventh Street Station. A number of years ago Hashimoto was associated with the Yu Song Bros., dope, narcotic, and liquor dealers in Mexico, which evidently caused him to have to leave Mexico. On more than one occasion I, as well as the night watchman in the cannery for the Van Camp Sea Food Co., have noticed certain Japanese take small packages approximately 5 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 4 inches thick, off the tuna clippers in the dead of night with Mr. Hashimoto standing at the end of Tuna Street as a so-called look-out.

Question. Have you brought these matters to the attention of the proper authorities?

Answer. I have repeatedly brought all of these facts before the proper authorities, such as the Immigration, United States Customs, Bureau of Narcotics, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Question. So far as you are concerned, why has this condition been allowed to continue? Haven't these agents helped you in any way?

Answer. No. I have offered my services and have asked them to come in plainclothes and ride around with me and I would show them these things; and at no time have I ever had the pleasure of having any member of the above mentioned branches of the Service come down and ride around with me. I know personally at the present time of 20 Japanese who have entered this country illegally and have no passports.

I have observed the fishing fleet from time to time and have noted statements made by various persons that the larger purse seiners were double hull, steel decked under the wooden decks, that the revolving tables that hold the nets had gun mountings, are not true. However, in regard to these ships, I have seen electrical sounding devices and recorders giving the depth of the water close to shore or in the center of the Santa Barbara Channel as the case might be. I have also seen records of the depth of the water around St. Nicholas, San Clemente, and Ana Capa Islands.

I wish to state at this time that the captain of one of these purse seiners showed me his captain's papers and pilot's papers from the Japanese Imperial Navy.

Question. Is it not a fact that you have seen a number of firearms of the latest types, such as rifles, etc., on these boats?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Have you also seen the Japanese imperial flag on these boats?

Answer. Yes. Before we go any further I would like to mention in the case of Mr. Mio that on the night of July 4, 1940, he had the American flag and the Japanese flag decorated in his windows. At the time he was taking them down I was parked across the street. He laid them on the lunch counter to fold up and put away until another occasion required the displaying of flags, and during the folding of the Japanese flag our flag fell on the floor, or I would say slipped off the counter, and he walked on it, and it evidently was in his way because I saw him move it with his foot to kick it to one side. He later picked it up, rolled it up, and put these flags away.

Question. Do the Japanese keep records in their homes?

Answer. At no time have I ever observed or seen anything put in writing, and it is my belief that everything that is transacted down there is by word of mouth.

Question. Do the Japanese transmit funds to Japan?

Answer. I have a connection in the California bank, where the Japanese do their banking, who has informed me that a very great percentage of their earnings are sent to Japan.

Question. You have first-hand knowledge of all of these activities on Terminal Island, and, therefore, I believe that you firmly believe that the presence of an alien Japanese population located on Terminal Island in the center of millions of dollars of national defense features, shipbuilding organizations, as well as oil storage tanks, and other governmental defense projects presents a definite menace to our national security, and that this alien population should be removed from that immediate area?

Answer. Yes. I would like at this time to call your attention to the Harbor Boat Works situated at Fish Harbor, Terminal Island, which I believe at this time has a million dollars worth of Navy contracts for the building of mosquito boats, etc. -- that located approximately 50 feet from this shipbuilding activity are 6 Japanese houses containing approximately 35 to 40 Japanese, some of whom are of questionable character, and some whom I have had occasion to arrest for crimes of petty theft and burglary. Erected around this place is approximately a 10-foot steel, corrugated fence, and at different times I have seen these Japanese peeking through the cracks either where the colonnades come together or where there is a small gate or a large gate for the entrance of trucks and material, to see what they could see that was going on inside.

I would like to mention at this time the "cockroach service" (grapevine system). There is a great amount of gambling, principally the Japanese national game of hanna which is played with cards for money; also, in the pool halls a Japanese game that is known to the Japanese as gahum, which is also played for money with pool balls. As both of these are a form of gambling and against the laws of the State of California, the vice squads of San Pedro and Los Angeles come down occasionally to raid and arrest those that are gambling, and in many instances their presence and their mission is known within a very few minutes from the license numbers taken from these cars by the Japanese.

Question. In all of this testimony, it reaches the general summation that the alien fishing boats which are manned by Japanese are considered by you to be a definite menace?

Answer. Yes; if we went to war with Japan.

Question. Regarding a recent move that has been made on the documenting of fishing boats to put them in American citizens' registry -- is it not true that the Japanese can evade this issue by leasing or getting shares in boats of American registry where only the master and the engineer are American citizens?

Answer. I believe that is true, but I have also been told that 75 percent of the crew must be American citizens; and on some boats I doubt that there are any American citizens.

It has also been recently noticed here that since Russia has gone into the war with Germany that many of the former old places of business that were owned by old Japanese who were born in Japan have now been all turned over, or at least the management turned over, to American-born Japanese.

Question. I would like to straighten you out on one point in this connection, and that is that as yet no law has been passed or placed in effect whereby 75 percent of these fishing boats are required to be American citizens. The law known as H. R. 8180 has never been passed by the Senate; however, it has passed the House of Representatives.

Have you ever had occasion to be ordered away, by any Japanese, from a cursory inspection of their boats, that is, have they appeared to resent any attempted inspection of their boats?

Answer. I have on different occasions taken my children around the harbor to see the different ships, as they seem to be more or less interested in boats of all kinds, and on one or two occasions my girls were not even allowed to go down alongside of these Japanese boats but were ordered away by what would be known to us as a Japanese quartermaster or first officer. On the other hand, we have adjoining the Japanese camp and settlement on Terminal Island a field known as Reeves Field, which has there at different times many types and sizes of all our United States Navy and Army planes. This field is approximately one-fourth mile east of the Japanese camp and when we have the prevailing winds in the afternoons, which is a west wind, these ships take off into the wind flying over the Japanese camp at sometimes an altitude of only a few hundred feet.

I have been there in the daytime on different matters pertaining to my police work, and have seen different residents and inhabitants of this island snap pictures of high speed and approved late model ships flying over these camps. The altitude is such that the occupants are very easily discerned, as well as the gun mountings which are fore and aft of the ship and very easy to see. They also go over and take pictures of Reeves Field, and have gone out on the fishing boats and taken pictures of Fort MacArthur, which I have seen myself, and with all this -- two young American-born girls cannot go and look at a Japanese ship without being ordered away.

Question. Are there any other particular Japanese residing on Terminal Island, or in or near the Los Angeles Harbor area, who you also have reason to believe are subversive or sympathetic toward Japan rather than being loyal to the United States of America?

Question. Yes. There is one, Mr. Momota Okura, 529 East Anaheim Boulevard, whom I have been informed is a captain in the Japanese Naval Reserve.

Question. Would you please state from whom you received that information?

Answer. (Informant here gave source of the information.)

Question. Do you know very much about one, Mr. Toma, who is the owner of the Toma Co. located at 603 Tuna Street on Terminal Island?

Answer. Yes. Toma has several boys who show through their actions they have nothing but contempt for any American. In talking to Toma himself, he would give you the impression that he is very dumb, but I know that his influence is very active in these so-called prefectural societies. In these associations the following are the head men: Hashimoto, Hatashita, N. Nakamura, Hiraga, Mio, Eto, Yamamoto, Hama, Ned -----, Koiso, and Murakami.

Question. Have you ever seen motion pictures of any Japanese activities?

Answer. Yes. The Japanese have on the island their own moving picture house, showing all Japanese films taken in Japan with Japanese stars.

Question. In this connection, have you ever seen any Japanese newsreels, showing the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy in action?

Answer. Yes; both showing the war in China.

Question. Were these newsreels not propaganda to the best of your knowledge?

Answer. It showed the Japanese soldiers in some instances crossing rugged country and in other scenes what appeared to me to be swampy rice lands. The Japanese soldiers were inflicting great damage on the Chinese Army, such as running bayonets through them, throwing and bursting of hand grenades, artillery and machine gun fire, and the bombing of Chinese along the road.

Question. In other words, you would say that these newsreels tended to glorify the Japanese invasion of China?

Answer. Absolutely. Usually the applause was unanimous from the Japanese residents of Terminal Island.

This moving picture house at other times is used for the drilling of Japanese boys from the ages of approximately 10 to 18 years in the art of self-defense in the Japanese art of Kendo.

Question. How does the Japanese population react when the Japanese consul visits Terminal Island?

Answer. Upon the occasion of a visit of the Japanese consul to Terminal Island it has given me the impression that I was going to see the Emperor of Japan himself. There is much ado about it, and usually all the prominent Japanese attend a Japanese feast and celebration which is usually held in either some of the better homes or the Takawa Chop Suey House.

Question. On these occasions have you noticed the Japanese members of the community on Terminal Island show great respect and humility when they meet the consul?

Answer. Tremendous.

Question. You would then say that the Japanese people residing on Terminal Island treat the consul as if he were their actual ruler in this country, the personal agent of the Japanese Emperor, and that they seem to feel that they owe allegiance and loyalty to the Japanese Government rather than the United States of America, where they earn their livelihood?

Answer. Yes. I believe they consider it necessary to have the goodwill and influence of the consul in matters which pertain to their well-being here as well as matters that are transmitted to Japan.

Question. Would you please state what you know concerning the activities of one Harry Nakamura, a Japanese resident of Terminal Island?

Answer. At one time, I believe Nakamura was an interpreter for the United States Immigration. He was caught giving false testimony in favor of a Japanese defendant and his services were discontinued. Recently he was employed by the father and mother of a Japanese boy who was in trouble as interpreter in the case, and was found to have given the court false testimony. This statement is merely to show the character of the man who perjures himself and perjures the witness. It is at his house where some crew members of these Japanese tankers and freighters meet, and he makes it a point to meet all the Japanese ships that dock in San Pedro Harbor. To my knowledge he is not a broker and he is not an attorney; his business activities with the crew members of these ships seem to be more or less of a mystery. He carries a brief case with him most of the time when meeting these ships.

Question. In connection with this man have you anything else specific regarding his activities among the Japanese on the island?

Answer. Yes. He is very active in arranging bail for the gamblers when they are knocked off.

Question. In other words, you would say in general that H. Nakamura is a confidence man for the Japanese?

Answer. Yes.

Question. More specifically concerning the alleged espionage activities on Terminal Island, do you not believe that there is a pay-off man for the Japanese on the island whom you have noticed at different times in a pool hall on the island, and who has carried large sums of money?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Would you please explain?

Answer. A fisherman by the name of who occasionally plays pool and buys cigarettes in there has seen a Japanese come in and go in the back with a large amount of money in a small handbag, which is supposed to be the pay-off for spy activities and information furnished by other Japanese for this so-called spy ring.

Question. Again referring to F. Mio, proprietor of the Mio Cafe at 777 Tuna Street in San Pedro, have you observed on several occasions that American sailors and American Army men have been seen in that cafe and that Mr. Mio has endeavored to get them intoxicated in order to ascertain what they know about the particular branch of the service in which they are?

Answer. Yes. About a year ago I became acquainted with a petty officer in the United States Navy stationed at Reeves Field (United States naval field). I have on several occasions taken him from Mio's Cafe or on the streets of Fish Harbor to Reeves Field in my automobile. On some occasions he was under the influence of liquor and I knew that he had been in Mio's Cafe all evening drinking, because I had been passing there every 15 or 20 minutes and would see Mio serve him continually with wine, free of charge. He told me on several occasions that when Mio thought he was pretty drunk he had asked him many questions about Reeves Field -- were they going to make it bigger; were they going to have a breakwater; were they going to station bombers there; were they going to have a place for marines; were they going to run the Japanese off the island; when was the American Fleet going to leave; was he going to go with them; where were they going; when would they be coming back, and so forth.

Question. In this connection, has Mr. Mio ever asked this petty officer a question regarding the number of naval vessels present at the San Pedro Naval Anchorage?

Answer. No; he has never mentioned that to me. Mio knows how many there are because he built a little boat and bought a high-speed outboard motor in which he and his boy cruise right out in the bay among them.

Question. Have you seen Mio take pictures from his small boat alongside these naval vessels?

Answer. No; I have not. He would be too far from shore for me to see him taking pictures from a small boat; but I have been there at times when he has left the foot of Tuna Street, where his boat is tied up, with a camera, and I have been there at other times when he returned and would see him come ashore with a good-sized camera.

Question. Have you noticed any suspicious activities of any sort taking place at the Yoshioka, 600 South Seaside Avenue on Terminal Island?

Answer. Yes; this cafe is situated right on the corner of Seaside and Terminal Way, and derives practically all of its business from the ships that dock at the water front on the island, such as Luckenbach, Swain, Hoyt, Panama Pacific, McCormick, N. Y. K., and O. S. K.

Question. In this connection then, it would be really easy, would it not, for the owner of this cafe to ascertain the movements of the ships that arrive in the port of Los Angeles?

Answer. They do ascertain the arrival of the ships.

Question. They could, by questioning, ascertain the next port of the ships and when they were sailing, and so forth.

Answer. They do.

Question. Do you know of any cafes which might serve as headquarters for this type of work?

Answer. In regard to the Minatoya Cafe, 2545 Cannery Street -- when there are different celebrations Minatoya does not take part in any of these doings, and has a class of trade which would be called "low," such as Mexicans, Filipinos, and Japanese. It is one of the few places that do not show some signs of Americanism when we have holidays which require the displaying of the American Flag. There are a number of the Japanese, as I have stated before, who have not obtained passports and who spend their time in this cafe.

Question. Regarding the Japanese who, you believe, are illegal entrants in this country, do you not recognize them on sight?

Answer. Yes.

Question. However, you do not know their names?

Answer. No. On one or two occasions I was curious to know their names and found that they had given me fictitious names due to the fact that they were illegally in this country without passports, and from that time, which has been in some cases 2 years, they have continually avoided me.

Question. Have you not certain supporting exhibits regarding names, addresses, letters, and pictures with reference to the claims that you have made in the foregoing statements?

Answer. Yes.

Question. Regarding Hashimoto who owns the Japanese Hardware Store on Terminal Island, would you say it is highly undesirable for a Japanese to possess as many firearms of all types as he does?

Answer. Yes. He has a large stock of firearms and ammunition which he sells to the fishermen. In the show window, I would say there are approximately some 40 rifles and shotguns of different gage and caliber.

In connection with the Hashimoto family, I know that two Hashimoto boys, one approximately 16 years of age and the other, 23 or 24 years of age, are not passing up any bets in regard to the construction of shipyards and the building of new ships of all types, air fields, airports, and so forth.

Question. How do you know this?

Answer. I have seen them around watching all these activities. The younger boy has been known to spy on members of the police department as well as myself and my partner, and they are equipped with fine cameras and also have their own automobiles consisting of a 1941 Buick and 1941 Ford coupe. Both these boys leave and come back to the camp at all hours of the night, and as their father is one of the "big shots" of the Japanese colony, I think that it is their business to keep him posted on all the activities.

Question. Concerning the alleged meetings among the Japanese people on Terminal Island, is it not true, that on many occasions you have noticed the fact that many Japanese have come from different parts of the State of California to meet with certain Japanese members on Terminal Island from such faraway places as Imperial Valley, Monterey, San Joaquin Valley, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and so forth, as well as out of State?

Answer. Yes.

SECTION VII

EMPEROR-DECORATED JAPANESE IN THE UNITED STATES

EXHIBIT NO. 88

PLATE NO. 3

Superintendent of compilation.
Welcoming reception committee.
Director, Los Angeles Japanese Hospital.
Military surgeon sub-lieutenant.
Senior sixth rank.
Fourth Order of Merit.

Head, welcoming reception committee.
President, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1940:

Chairman of board of trustees. Southern California Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Director, Japanese Cultural Society.

Welcoming committee.
Director, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin.
Adviser, Kuinamoto Overseas Association, Southern California Branch.
Head, Los Angeles Japanese Dry Goods Stores Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Superintendent of compilation.
Welcoming committee:
Adviser, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin.
Head, Zaibei Nipponjin, Shijitsu Hozon Kai (an association to preserve historical facts of the resident Japanese).
Nagano Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Auditor, Boyle Heights District, Japanese-language school.
Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Director, Boyle Heights District, Japanese-language school (managing director)
Doctor of medicine.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Managing director, former Talbert Japanese Language School.
Sixth Order of Merit.
Sixth Achievement Degree.
Saitama Prefecture.
In 1940: Huntington Beach representative. Southern California Imperial Veterans.

Welcoming committee.
Koyasan Daishi Kyokai, managing director.
Branch head, Fukuoka Overseas Association, Southern California Branch.
Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1940:

Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Adviser, Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin.

Koyu Jigyo Hotosha (petroleum business counselor).
Treasurer, Greater Japan Sinto, North American branch office.
Hokkaido Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 89

PLATE NO. 4

Welcoming committee.
Auditor, Koyasan Daishi Kyokai.
Vice president, Southern California Wakayama Prefectural Society.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Adviser, Garden Grove Japanese Language School.
Head, Southern California Shizuoka Prefectural Society Savings Association.
Shizuoka Prefecture.
Adviser, Koyasan Daishi Kyokai.
In 1940:

Manager, Nichibei Kogyogaisha.
Manager, Fuji Motion Picture Co.
Kagawa Prefecture.

Committee member, Ninth Market Agricultural Association.
Fukushima Prefecture.

Konko Kyoshinto Sodai.
President, New Fashion Sensen Stockholding Co. (Dye Works Co., Los Angeles).
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Ishikawa Prefecture.

Treasurer, Bangle Bukkyo (Buddhist) Japanese Language School.
Tottori Prefecture.

President (Former), Santa Monica Yuwa Club.
Managing director (Former), Santa Monica Japanese Language School.
Assistant managing director (Former), Kumamoto Overseas Society Branch.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
Agricultural Taiho Tosha.
President, Greater Japan Industrial Organization, North American Branch.
Tairoku Hakuju Yukosho (Award of Merit).
Nagano Prefecture.
In 1940: President, Greater Japan Agricultural Association, North American Branch.

EXHIBIT NO. 90

PLATE NO. 5

Welcoming reception committee.
Auditor, Southern California Central Japanese Association.
President, Long Beach Japanese Association.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Kochi Prefecture.
1940: Kendo chairman, Long Beach Japanese Association.

Welcoming committee.
President (former). Southern California Japanese Physicians' Association.
President, Southern California Fishing Club.
Okayama Prefecture.
1940: Adviser, Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin.

President (former), Japan-California Agricultural Association.
Vice president (former), Southern California Central Japanese Association.
Adviser, Anaheim Japanese Language School.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Director, Southern California Federation of Women's Societies.
President, Daishi Buddhist Women's Association.
Fukuoka Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
President, Hiroshima Prefecture Women's Society,
Head, French-American Sewing School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Vice president (former), Southern California Hiroshima Prefecture.
Secretary, Boyle Heights Central Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940: Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.

Welcoming committee.
President (former), Fukuoka Prefectural Society.
Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Fukuoka Prefecture.
(Owner of the Fukuyama Hardware Store in Little Tokyo.)

EXHIBIT NO. 91

PLATE NO. 7

Welcoming committee member.
Education chairman, Long Beach Japanese Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Sixth Achievement Degree.
Tottori Prefecture.
In 1940: agricultural chairman, Long Beach Japanese Association.

Secretary, Puente Industrial Association.
Teacher, Puente Japanese Language School.
Sub-lieutenant, military infantry.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President (former), Southern California Japanese Fishing Association.
President (former), Southern California Central Japanese Association.
Wakayama Prefecture.
In 1940: Adviser, San Pedro Japanese Association.

President (former), Ehime Prefectural Society.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Sixth Achievement Degree.
Ehime Prefecture.

President, Kanagawa Prefectural Society Savings Association.
Seventh Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Kanagawa Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President, San Pedro Japanese Association.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Surgeon, Military Third Order Army.
Eighth Order of "Merit.
Doctor of medicine.
Yamagata Prefecture.
In 1940: Commandant, Southern California Imperial Veterans,

Treasurer, Los Angeles Japanese Language School.
President, Southwest Discussion Groups.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Miyagi Prefecture.
In 1940: Adviser, Seinan Kyogikai (Southwest Discussion Club)..

Welcoming reception committee.
President, San Bernardino County Japanese Association.
Fukuoka Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 92

PLATE NO. 10

Director (former), Southern California Japanese Hospital.
Head (former), New World Sun, Southern California Branch.
Head of general affairs, Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin.
Yamanashi Prefecture.
In 1940:
Adviser, Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin.
Honorary adviser, Hokubeizen Zenshuji.

Welcoming committee.
Director, Los Angeles Nishiren Kyokai.
Military artillery.
Senior eighth rank.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Director, Toyo Japanese School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Adviser, Watts Japanese Language School.
Yamanashi Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Wakavama Prefecture.

Director, Hongwanji Los Angeles Betsuin.
Adviser, Bangle Betsuin Japanese Language School.
Fukuoka Prefecture.

Supervisor of place of meeting, welcoming committee.
Vice director, Los Angeles Nichiren Kyokai.
Auditor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Okayama Prefecture.
In 1940: Adviser, Rafu Nichiren Shu Kyokai.

EXHIBIT NO. 93

PLATE NO. 13

Education chairman, San Francisco Showa Japanese Language School.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President, Moneta Japanese Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940: Gardena representative, Southern California Imperial Veterans.

Los Angeles City welcoming committee.
Secretary, Los Angeles Nichibei (Japan-American) Association.
President, W. O. Oil Co.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Adviser, Ninth Market Youth Club.
Auditor, Southern California Agricultural Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President, San Gabriel Valley Japanese Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Director, Kanagawa Prefectural Society.
Vice president, Beikoku (United States of America) Sumo (Japanese Wrestlers' Association) Club.
Head, Los Angeles Restaurant Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Kanagawa Prefecture.
In 1940:

Welcoming reception committee.
President, Guadalupe Japanese Association.
Wakayama Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 94

PLATE NO. 15

Welcoming committee member.
Secretary, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Fukuoka. Prefecture.
In 1940: Auditor, Long Beach Japanese Association.

Board member, Southern California Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940: Honorary board, Beikoku Shinto Kyokai.

Venice Palms Japanese Language School.
Assistant manager, board of directors.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Member, Fukuoka Prefectural Society.
Managing director, Monrovia Showa Japanese Language School.
Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1940: Honorary board, Beikoku Shinto Kyokai.

Director, California Agricultural Association.
Director, Southern California Agricultural Association.
Managing director, Kumamoto Overseas Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Director, Southern California Shizuoka Prefectural Society.
Member, board of directors, Los Angeles Nichiren Temple.
Shizuoka Prefecture.
(Owner of the Matsunozushi Cafe, Little Tokyo.)
In 1940: Adviser, Rafu Nichiren Shu Kyokai.

Pacific Electric Railway Co.
Head, Oriental Division.
Okayama Prefecture.

Nisei (first generation American-born Japanese), page to Prince and Princess Chichibu.
Second son of Kiyota, Takeo.
Four years old.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 95

PLATE NO. 16

Official Automobile Traffic Committee.
Wakayama Prefecture.
In 1940: Auditor, Santa Monica Japanese Association.

Auditor, Dominguez Hills Agricultural Association.
Vice president, Union Cut Flower Market, joint stock company.
Wakayama Prefecture.
In 1940:

Director, Southern California Japanese Children's Home.
Vice president, Tokyo Peoples' Society.

Managing director, Downey Japanese Language School.
Head, Compton Agricultural Association.
Vice president. Federation of California Agricultural Association.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Metro Goldwyn Mayer Motion Picture Studios.
Luncheon committee.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Member, Los Angeles Japan American Society.
Kagoshima Prefecture.

Managing director, Los Angeles Nichiren Kyokai.
Vice president, Aichi Prefectural Society.
Aichi Prefecture.

Director North American Zenshuji (Buddhist Mission).
Shimane Prefecture.

Principal (former), Central Japanese Language School.
Aichi Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 96

PLATE NO. 17

Councillor, Okayama Overseas Association.
Councillor, Koyasan Daishi Kyokai (Mission).
Okayama Prefecture.

Board of directors, vice chairman, Puente Industrial Association.
Board of directors, vice chairman, Puente Japanese Language School.
Fukuoka Prefecture.

Auditor, Los Angeles Daishi Japanese Language School.
Vice president, Nikka Industrial Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Kumamoto Prefecture.
In 1940: Head, board of directors, Hokubeizen Zenshuji.

Director, Coyote Pass Agricultural Association.
Director, Coyote Pass Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
1940: Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.

Member (Former), Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Head, San Fernando Branch.
Councillor, San Fernando Agricultural Association.
Okayama Prefecture.

Director, North American Zenshuji.
Education director, San Fernando Showa Japanese Language School.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Tottori Prefecture.

Member, Venice Celery Farmers Association.
Director, Greater Japan Agriculture Society, North American Branch.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Taihaku Juyu Kosho (Honor).
Niigata Prefecture.
In 1940:

Welcoming committee member.
Vice president, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.
In 1940:

EXHIBIT NO. 97

PLATE NO. 20

President, United States Shinto Kyokai.
Instructor, Shinto main office.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940: President, Beikoku Shinto Kyokai.

Director, Kumamoto Overseas Branch Office.
Director, Puente Industrial Association.
Director, Puente Japanese Language School.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming reception, committee.
Vice president, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Attorney.
Okinawa Prefecture.
In 1940:

Education chairman, Los Angeles Daishi Japanese Language School.
Okayama Prefecture.

Former treasurer, Miye Overseas Association Branch.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Miye Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
Former council head. Southern California Japanese Chamber of Commerce.
Managing director, Hollywood Japanese Language School.

Adviser, San Fernando Japanese Language School.
Tottori Prefecture.

Welcoming committee member.
Head, Long Beach Wholesale Association.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Kagoshima Prefecture,

Welcoming reception committee.
Former president, Hiroshima Prefectural Society,
Former president, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Attorney.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940:

EXHIBIT NO. 98

PLATE NO. 21

Vice chairman, welcoming committee.
Head, Sawtelle Japanese Language School.
Student, Kodokan (Jujitsu School of Tokyo, Japan).
Yamagata Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
President, Western Star Fertilizing Co.
Councilor, Long Beach Japanese Association.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Former head, Japan-California Industrial Association.
President, North American Tottori Overseas Society.
Tottori Prefecture.
In 1940: Auditor, Gosan Zenneiji.

Welcoming committee.
Director, Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin.
Director, Kumamoto Overseas Society Branch.
Kumamoto Prefecture.
In 1940:

Welcoming committee.
Managing director, Fukushima Overseas Society and Association.
Councilor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Fukushima Prefecture.
In 1940: Auditor, Seinan Kyogikai (Southwest Discussion Club).

Welcoming committee.
Director, Los Angeles Kokugo Japanese Language School.
Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Fukushima Prefecture.
In 1940: Board of directors, Los Angeles Methodist Church.

Welcoming committee.
Head, San Pedro Industrial Association.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
President, San Pedro Japanese Association (former president).
Iwata Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Managing director, Hollywood Buddhist Society.
In 1940: Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.

EXHIBIT NO. 99

PLATE NO. 23

Educational chairman, San Fernando Japanese Language School.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Director, North American Zenshuji.
Director, Smelsa Japanese Association.
Director, Talbert Japanese Language School.
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Participant, welcoming inspection performance.
(Eldest daughter of Nishihama -- 10 years old.)
Wakayama Prefecture.

Presentation, asparagus growers.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Lieutenant colonel, military intendant.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Sixth Order of Merit.
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Director, Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin (Buddhist Mission).
Educational chairman. Harbor District Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Presentation, citrus plants to imperial household.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
Former president, San Pedro Japanese Association.
Director, Okayama Overseas Association Branch.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Shizuoka Prefecture.
In 1940:

EXHIBIT NO. 100

PLATE NO. 25

Director, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin (Buddhist Mission).
Councilor, Garden Grove Japanese Association.
Treasurer, Garden Grove Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1-940: Treasurer, Orange County Japanese Association.

Treasurer, Los Angeles Hotel Association.
President, Southern California Fukuoka Prefectural Society.
Fukuoka Prefecture.

Councilor, Burbank District Agriculture Association.
Secretary, Los Angeles Daishi Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Director, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin (Buddhist).
Director, California Allied Agricultural Association.
Vice president, San Fernando Valley Agricultural Association.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

President (former), Santa Ana Japanese Association.
Managing director (former), Talbert Japanese Language School.
Director, North American Zenshuji (Buddhist Mission).
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Director, North American Zenshuji (Buddhist Mission).
Councillor, Burbank District Agricultural Association. '
Educational chairman. North Hollywood Japanese Language School.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Vice president. Southwest Discussion Group.
Educational chairman, Senshin Japanese Language School.
Vice president, Toyama Prefectural Society.
Toyama Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 101

PLATE NO. 26

Councillor, Burbank District Agricultural Association,
Chairman, Los Angeles Daishi Japanese Language School -- education,
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Welcoming committee. Eighth Order of Merit.
Tottori Prefecture.

Director, Central Japanese Language School.
Vice president. Southern California Wakayama Prefectural Society,
Wakayama Prefecture.
In 1940: Adviser, Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin.

Vice president (Former) , Santa Monica Shinyu Kai.
Managing director (Former) , Santa Monica Japanese Language School.
Director, Los Angeles Hompa Hongwanji Bukkyo Kai (Buddhist Society).
Fukuoka Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President, Smelzer Japanese Association.
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Director, Hongwanji Betsuin -- Los Angeles.
Treasurer, Los Angeles Daishi Japanese Language School.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Seventh Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Fukushima Prefecture.

Managing director, Southern California Japanese Schools Association.
Head, Los Angeles Daiichi Japanese Language School.
In 1940: Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.

EXHIBIT NO. 102

PLATE NO. 29

Welcoming entertainment committee.
Nagano Prefecture.

Treasurer, Los Angeles Christian Church Federation.
Treasurer, Venice Palms Celery Trade Association.
Vice president, Venice Palms Industrial Association.
Miyagi Prefecture.

Adviser, Miye Overseas Society North American Branch.
Assistant managing director. Greater Japan Shinto North American Branch Office.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Miye Prefecture.
In 1940: Kizo Takiguchi, chairman, board of directors. Greater Japan Agricultural Association, North American Branch.

Treasurer, Bocho Overseas Association Branch.
Chairman, Venice-Palms Japanese Language School Education.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Director, Los Angeles Nichiren Kyokai.
Standing committee member, Nikka (Japan-California) Agricultural Association.
Vice branch head, Okayama Overseas Society Branch.
Okayama Prefecture.

Vice chairman, welcoming reception committee.
President, Southern California Central Japanese Association.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Welcoming inspection performance appearance participant.
Shizuoka Prefecture.
Takeshi Suzuki, eldest daughter.

Director, North American Zenshuji.
Vice president, Fukui Prefectural Society.
Eighth Order of Merit.
1403 Gordon Street, Hempstead 0847.
Gardener by trade.

Councilor, Greater Japan Industrial Association.
Taiko Hakuju Yukosho (some award of merit).
Yamanashi Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 103

PLATE NO. 34

M. G. M. Motion Picture Studio.
Luncheon committee.
Kumamoto Prefecture.
In 1940: Member of board of trustees, Southern California Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Secretary, Venice-Palms Japanese Language School.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Former treasurer, Venice-Palms Japanese Language School.
Director, Los Angeles Nichiren Kyokai.
Director, Shizuoka Prefectural Society.
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Welcoming inspection performance appearance participant.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
Umeda Shujiro, eldest daughter.

Auditor, Moneta Japanese Association.
Managing director, Lawndale Japanese Language School.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Welcoming inspection performance appearance participant.
Hiroshima Prefecture.
10 years old.
(Shujiro Umeda, youngest daughter.)

Director (Former), Watts Japanese Language School.
Managing director, Southern California Old People's Saving Association.
Assistant managing director, Showa Industrial Savings Association.
Okayama Prefecture.
In 1940: Board of directors, vice head, Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin.

EXHIBIT NO. 104

PLATE NO. 35

Auditor (former), Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Regulation head, Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin (Buddhist Mission).
Vice president, Fukuoka Prefectural Society.
Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1940: Board of directors, vice head, Hokubei Jyodo Shu Kyokai.

Councillor, Aichi Prefectural Society.
Director, Puente Industrial Association.
Treasurer, Puente Japanese Language School.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Aichi Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Board of directors, vice chairman, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin,
Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.'
Hiroshima Prefecture.
In 1940: Adviser, Hompa Hongwanji Rafu Betsuin.

Director, San Fernando Valley Agricultural Association.
Director, San Fernando Valley Japanese Language School.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Fukui Prefecture.

Welcoming reception committee.
President, Pasadena Japanese Association.
Aichi Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Auditor, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin.
Councillor, Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Eighth Order of Merit.
Seventh Achievement Degree.
Aichi Prefecture.

Welcoming committee.
Auditor, Burbank District Agricultural Association.
Educational chairman, North Hollywood Japanese Language School.
Miye Prefecture.

Welcoming committee member.
President, Chiba Prefectural Society.
Director, Southern California Central Japanese Association,
Chiba Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 105

PLATE NO. 37

President (former), Garden Grove Japanese Association.
Adviser, Koyasan Daishi Kyokai (Buddhist mission).
Managing director (assistant), Talbert Japanese Language School.
Kochi Prefecture.

Treasurer (former), Los Angeles Japanese Association.
Assistant managing director, Kumamoto Overseas Branch.
Auditor, Los Angeles Building Joint Stock Co.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Treasurer (former), Talbert Japanese Language School.
Director, North American Zenshuji (Buddhist mission).
Shizuoka Prefecture.

Treasurer, Southwest Discussion Group.
Treasurer, Celery Seedling Association.
Managing director, Los Angeles Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Barker Bros. Furniture Co., Inc.
Japanese department representative.
Eighth Order of Merit.
Ehime Prefecture.

Director, Palos Verdes Japanese Language School.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

President, Southern California Niigata Prefectural Society.
Niigata Prefecture.

Nippon sign proprietor.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

EXHIBIT NO. 106

PLATE NO. 39

Senior Sixth Rank.
Fifth Order of Merit.
Fifth Achievement Degree.
Tokyo.

Asari Goldfish Gardens.
Wakayama Prefecture.

North American Zenshuji supervisor.
Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Welcoming-committee member.
Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, Los Angeles branch.
Tokyo.

Welcoming committee, entertainment actor.
Osaka.

President, North American Old Friends' Society.
Wakayama Prefecture.

Doctor of medicine.
Okayama Prefecture.

Welcoming committee member, entertainment actor.
Kumamoto Prefecture.

Treasurer, Puente Industrial Association.
Auditor, Puente Japanese Language School.
Okayama Prefecture.

Superintendent, Southern California Children's Home.
Oita Prefecture.

Head (Former), Southern California Chamber of Commerce.
Gumma Prefecture.

Treasurer, Puente Industrial Association.
Treasurer, Puente Japanese Language School.
Hiroshima Prefecture.

Auditor, Garden Grove Japanese Association.
Director, Garden Grove Language School (Japanese).
Sixth Order of Merit.
Tokushima Prefecture.

SECTION VIII

CENSUS OF JAPANESE IN THE UNITED STATES

Place of census: Los Angeles

EXHIBIT NO. 107


EXHIBIT NO. 108


EXHIBIT NO. 109

Japanese American Citizens League Southern California Census (October 1, 1935)

SECTION IX

JAPANESE LANGUAGE SCHOOLS

EXHIBIT NO. 110

In the unification of the Japanese people who possess the proud and noble Yamato spirit, the genuine Japanese language has always been the most important instrument. The Japanese language is the spiritual blood that circulates in all Japanese. Through it, they are unified.

This bond is so strong that it perpetuates an unbreakable chain. If a great crisis should arise in the nation, the people would gladly combine their energy for the country's best, despite hardship and even death. And, if there is good news for us, the Japanese people from the south and the north will sing the national anthem, "Kimigayowa," and bless the nation for its fortune.

The Japanese language is like a lovely mother to all our people. From our birth, this mother has held us on her lap and taught us nationalism and appreciation of country. Passionate love of this mother is like the sun in the sky.

As citizens of this country (Japan) and offsprings of this (Japanese) nation, we admire its brilliance.

Our national language cannot be forgotten in our hearts, not even for a single day, especially if we remember that we are children of gods.

The objective of Japanese education, no matter in what country it may be, is to teach the people never to be ashamed of their Japanese citizenship. First comes language, and then history. We must never forget -- not even for a moment -- that we are Japanese citizens.

Our heavenly ruler has governed our Empire for ages past and we are his subjects. The Emperor's great predecessor, the Sun Goddess, in ancient times went to her descendant Ninigi No Mikoto and issued a divine command, telling him to go forth and found an empire upon the islands of Japan. * * * The Imperial House is the center of our country and our nation * * * With unified hearts let us pursue the path of loyalty and patriotism. There is no other country with such a royal lineage. Be thankful you are a Japanese, and worship the Imperial family.

Our great Japanese Empire has been ruled for thousands of years by our Heavenly Prince. Being his subjects, we all must continue steadfastly on the road of our predecessors.

No other country in the world can compare with ours. It is our duty to carry on the great spirit of loyalty to the Emperor and the Empress, and to achieve their aims. We must also try to understand the government of our nation and the problems confronting it. We must really try our utmost in this, at all times, for it is our duty and our job. We must do it with a big heart. We must love our country and our Emperor. We must strengthen our body. We must study everything and be diligent. We must never forget what we learn. If we do all this, we will become good Japanese.

Hawaii is known as a possession of the United States of America, but here the Japanese language is spoken just as you hear it in Yokohama. Besides this, you see that about half of the entire crowd, welcoming you, are Japanese. Also, you see among them many women in the Japanese kimono and with the obi tied around their waists.

In the hotel, after you take a Japanese bath and get dressed, you can hardly believe you are in a foreign country. Of Hawaii's 380,000 population, 150,000 are Japanese. They are engaged in farming, flashing, commerce, and all sorts of business ventures. Hawaii's development to its present stage is due to the Japanese. The fish this hotel serves is caught by Japanese fishermen. * * * Coffee, sugar, pineapple, and all other fruits are produced by the hands of Japanese.

The Japanese residing in the United States of America and Brazil have established Japanese language schools to teach their children the Japanese language.

Under a God-Emperor of unbroken lineage, our nation became matchless in the world, and it continues to move forward. * * * The Japanese language is a ring of wedlock between the feelings and spirits of our forefathers and ourselves, thus tying us together, today, as one community of citizens. Had it not been for our Japanese language, our ideals would by now have been scattered from place to place. Thus, as we march forward in the time of national difficulty, we shout "banzai" to cheer our Emperor, proud of our Japanese language and heritage. * * * And so the Japanese language holds together all its citizens, no matter where they may reside.

Those who forget the Japanese language are no longer Japanese. Respect the Japanese language. Love the Japanese language. The national language is the place where the spirits of citizens reside.

POSTGRADUATE COURSE

According to recent reports, several hundred lectures have been delivered on the China incident by Nisei in America. Many Nisei also returned to Japan with a mass of material, collected in California.

Things of this sort are typical of the work performed in the past by the Nisei for Japan. What they gain and what they do is by no means unimportant. The Nisei have made significant contributions to Japan, but in many cases these facts must remain hidden. For example, when the Seventh International Education Conference was held in Tokyo, the Nisei proved themselves most valuable in many respects.

When the China incident occurred, it became necessary to broadcast to the world the true news in the English language. At this most crucial moment, the Nisei did the work by assuming responsibility as is befitting great patriots. In connection with the rapid growth of cultural societies in recent years, the Nisei have played an important part through their work as translators, lecturers, travelers, etc. The role of the Nisei, at the present moment, is of utmost importance, for it is up to him to introduce Japanese culture and Japanese propaganda abroad. Nisei always take the leadership. In the world where English language newspapers and magazines are most influential, the Nisei are in an excellent position to do their share. We have seen to it that they shall be well prepared for their task.

We must help our oversea brethren to accomplish the aim of the Fatherland, the establishment of a Greater Asia. In the creation of an enlightened Asia, every Japanese, all over the world, must become a unit of one in the march forward.

Education of the Nisei, obviously enough, cannot be neglected. Therefore, the Imperial Education Association has appropriated 100,000 yen for the purpose of positive Nisei education all over the world, beginning this year. In cooperation with the Ministry of Education, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and the Greater Asia Assisting Office, a committee has been formed whose program will be (1) to make a careful study of the present status of Nisei education and of the teaching staff abroad; (2) to build a firmer foundation for Nisei education; and (3) to send the most competent teaching staffs to all parts of the world.

Many presently engaged in Nisei education abroad, desire to return home. At the same time, a large number of teachers at home are anxious to go abroad. Well planned handling of this situation will be most advantageous. Everyone is anxiously awaiting the changes which have been announced.

* * * * * * *

Japanese Language School Association, 318 North Hewitt Street.
First Japanese-American Institute, 318 North Hewitt Street.
Japanese Language School, 2110 Corinth Avenue.
Rafu Dai-ni Gakuen, 1035 Fedora Street.
Chu-o Gakuen, 204 North Saratoga Street.
Choro Kyokai Gakuen, 4011 Clinton Street.
Baptist Gakuen, 2923 East Second Street.
Seikokai Gakuen, 961 South Mariposa.
Kiristokyo Gakuen, 822 East Twentieth Street.
Rafu Seinan Gakuen, 3500 South Normandie.
Fuji Gakuen, 2014 West Twenty-ninth Place.
Rafu Nihongo Chugakko, 119 North Central Avenue.
Hokubei Gakuen, 123 South Hewitt Street.
Senshin Gakuen, 1336 West 36th Place.
Kyoai Gakuen, 1444 West Thirty-seventh Street.
Guenei Gijuku, 734 Towne Avenue.
Hinomoto Gakuen, 117 North Saratoga Street.
Tamagawa Jiku, 3020 East Fourth Street.
Taiheiyo Bunkwa Kyoiku-kai, 501-7 South Cummings Street'.
Nanka Kyoritsu Gakuen, 506 North Evergreen Avenue.
Japanese Library, 117 North San Pedro Street.

(1) Kay Tateishi, a local columnist in one of the Japanese language newspapers in Los Angeles;
(2) Tamaye Tsutsumida (female), Guadalupe (Post Office Box 113);
(3) Louise Furuya, of University of City of Los Angeles;
(4) Isamu Masuda (male), Orange County, Calif., who in 1938 won first place in an oratorical contest sponsored by the Japanese American Citizens League, in which the subject was Good Citizenship.
(NOTE. -- It is suggested that at this point excerpts from the Japanese language school textbooks which have been forwarded to the committee be made a part of this report.)

Reopening of the Japanese language schools in southern California is being sought here by leaders of the Japanese colony, it was learned last night by the Times.

Japanese concerned with the management of the 248 schools with 19,000 pupils have already discussed the question of reopening the schools with United States Attorney William Fleet Palmer, it was learned.


The schools were closed voluntarily by the Japanese immediately after the outbreak of the war with Japan. The schools are financed and managed as private schools by Japanese without any supervision from the city or State department of education, as provided for in the constitution.

Palmer said he pointed out to Japanese who approached him in the matter that the Government had no control over the schools but that the Government was not going to allow the same textbooks used in the schools.

These textbooks, it was said by officials, were prepared in Japan. It was reported that the books taught Japanese customs, religion, and traditions.


Emperor Hirohito is pictured as the leading citizen of the world, a near God, in the textbooks.

"I advised the Japanese who conferred with me that they would be in bad trouble if they continued to use their old textbooks if they reopened the Japanese language schools," Palmer said.

Palmer explained that the Government has no control over the conduct of such schools but that the Department of Justice is concerned with the continuation of the propagation of what was viewed as Japanese propaganda through the use of the old textbooks.


The Japanese, in admitting that the books were prepared in Japan, said they got them cheaper than they could have them published in America.

One of the reasons given by Japanese for the reopening of the schools is that the teachers are now unemployed and need the work.

Children attending the Japanese-language schools also attend the State and city public schools, continuing their classes in the Japanese language after public school hours.

SECTION X

CENTRAL JAPANESE ASSOCIATIONS

The idea of grateful requital is one of the most beautiful spirits of the Japanese.

The fortune of the country of Japan grows by day and month; the reason is because there is only one Emperor of a single dynasty in the world, and within the people, warm is the thought of requital for the Emperor, the spirit of the entire country seething in accord.

Thus, the elders of the 50,000 Japanese in southern California, with the Central Japanese Association of America as a central guide, as the association's heads, the directors, and its supporters, enduring hardships with dauntless spirit and earnestness work together in great self-sacrifice. When we think of their pioneers' efforts, the thought of requital comes to our hearts. As a public service group retracing the meritorious deeds and following in the footsteps of the pioneers in respect and appreciation, we must keep up these efforts of self-sacrifice and continue the great undertaking.

In Los Angeles, August 1915, until the establishment of the Imperial consulate, the Southern California Central Japanese Association was the center of Japanese activity and its duties were both on the outside and inside. This organization in one phase did the work of the consulate and as was necessary at that time, the association was given permission to give references (letters of introduction) to people, by the consul general in San Francisco. Because of this permission, the association gained quite a bit of compensation for their service and even after all the expenses were paid, five to six hundred dollars were left over monthly. This district took in from Venice, San Pedro, San Gabriel and clear to Upland.

1. That a new Pacific coast affiliated Japanese Association office be established, and also, a branch office be established in Tokyo with a permanent representative (in charge).

Present: Kayano, Sakamoto, Itano, Yoshinaga, Mankichi, Nakamura, Suechi, Hayashida, Morita, Yugawa, Niitani, Masatoshi Nakamura, Jiro Fujioka.


1. In reference to the matter of China famine relief, that an order be issued to all Japanese associations to accumulate all contributions before the last day of June.
2. That the Tokyo branch (of the association) be continued.
3. That statistics in reference to countrymen (resident Japanese) be prepared.

Also, at the time of his returning to Japan, (the following) resolutions of the Pacific coast conference were in charge of the central association:

1. The matter of special treatment of students returning to Japan.
2. The matter of the amendment of the Japanese national registration law.

On both of these matters, he (Sasamori) was requested to make representations to the officials in the fatherland (Japan).

Under the sponsorship of the 3 organizations, the consulate, the Japanese Association of Los Angeles, and this association, the same as every year, a congratulatory meeting was held at the Oriental Cafe for all southern California college graduates. Some 150 persons were in attendance, and President Nakamura, of the Japanese Association or Los Angeles, was chairman. Kichitaro Muto, head of the Nichibei Kyokai, and Maeda, representing the Central Japanese Association, Consul Hori and Consul Ishii of Vancouver gave congratulatory speeches. Representing the graduates, Ichiro Watanabe responded. Dr. Shuji Hara gave a talk on second-generation health; Chizo Nagao rendered a piano solo, (the meeting) was a complete success and disbanded in a pleasant atmosphere.

(2) The movement for many years having been pending for the elevation of the Los Angeles consulate to a consulate general, it would at this time be opportune for Consul Yoshida to explain in detail the desires of those in this area to Ambassador Horinouchi at the conference of (Japanese) diplomats to be held in Washington.

In the year 1919 the Central Japanese Association contributed $1,400 to fight the anti-alien fishing legislation in Sacramento in that year.

After having 40 years of history since its establishment, Mr. Yayuemon Minami, president of this association, contributed 10,000 yen, in Japanese money, to the Imperial Military Assistance Association Fund (endowment).

Regular general meeting of association representatives February 19-20, 1939, held at the Kawafuku Tei (restaurant in Los Angeles).

(Excerpts from the opening speech of the meeting by President Minami.)

We stand in the vanguard of the advancement of our race, further, with the enhancement of the national glory of Japan and desiring its even greater progress and development, we must exert our best efforts.

After a conference between Vice President Mukaeda of this association, President Shimizu of the Los Angeles Japanese Association, Auditor Kumamoto of this association, and Chief Secretary Iseida, it was revealed that contributions from southern California resident countrymen, together with Japanese associations and all other organizations -- accumulated "crisis contributions" totaling 255,660 yen, 90 sen -- had been transmitted to the Army and Navy officials in sums of 27,830 yen, 45 sen each, through the local Los Angeles branch of the Yokohama Specie Bank, the California Bank, and the branch of the Sumitomo Bank.

It was explained that within the previous 5 months, from the activities of the 21 southern California associations, as a result of efforts to obtain contributions for an airplane for both the Army and the Navy, by January 30 there were enough contributions to purchase one plane for the (Japanese) Army, and at this time the support of the representatives for contributions for a plane for the Navy was sought. This was unanimously approved.

Regular general meeting of association representatives February 16-17, 1940, held at the Kawafuku Tei (restaurant in Los Angeles).

(2d) A resolution of gratitude was adopted in reference to soldiers killed in battle in the China incident and wounded officers and men, and officers and men fighting on the front line. It was referred to a drafting committee for the purpose of drafting a letter to be dispatched by cable to the Minister of War and the Minister of Navy. The committee members were: Soya Nishizaki, Jungo Abe, Sueji Nishimura, Mankichi Nakamura, and Masahira Ishii.

The association was given two flags of the Rising Sun (one flag a naval flag) and photographs of the China incident and a number of fans by Mrs. Furuzawa.

Regular meeting of representatives, February 17-18, 1939.

Explanation of "Day of Commemoration" by President Nakamura.

"Henceforth we will remember the Chinese incident and the hardships of the officers and men of the Imperial Army fighting on the front line. The seventh day of every month will be a day of commemoration, on which we will curtail our living expenses, and it is desired the money saved be contributed to the Army and the Navy. Further, also on that day, before the evening meal, we must say a prayer for the souls of those soldiers who have died in battle."

"We resident countrymen from afar express our wholehearted gratitude to the officers and men of the Imperial Army fighting throughout China for the establishment of everlasting peace in East Asia, and we pledge ourselves to hereafter exert more and more effort from behind the lines."

The above was dispatched by cable to the War and Navy Departments."

Ambassador Horiuchi and party were tendered a welcome meeting by this association, the Los Angeles Japanese Association, and the Women's League, jointly at the Ichifuji Cafe.

The Emperor's birthday celebration abroad (meaning in Los Angeles) was held at the Japanese consular's residence and the president and secretary of the association were in respectful attendance. The same night at a felicitory meeting sponsored by the Los Angeles Japanese Association, President Nakamura representing this association (the Central Japanese Association) read aloud a felicitory letter.

Kiju Matsumura, Imperial consul at Portland, died as a result of an automobile accident while on a tour of inspection and a telegram of condolence was dispatched.

General Terauchi and party arrived in Los Angeles. President Nakamura, Auditor Urashibata, and the chief secretary, representing the association, welcomed the group at the station.

A request was received from Adviser Yayuemon Minami as to procedure for transmitting to the Army and Navy Military Relief Department a contribution of approximately 10,000 yen.

Long-term patriotic fund contributions and crisis military service fund contributions

From August 1937 to April 1940:

American money $128,307.02
Japanese money ¥14,296.58

Items of account:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $115,724.04
Crisis military service fund contributions $12,582.98
Crisis military service fund contributions (Japanese money) ¥14,296. 58

Los Angeles Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $34,240.58
Crisis military service fund contributions $970.06
Do ¥13,896.58
Total, American money $35,211.87
Total, Japanese money ¥13,896.58

San Bernardino Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $2,653.00
San Luis Obispo Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $6,984.15
Crisis military service fund contributions $55.00
Total $7,039.15

San Gabriel Heigen Produce Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $1,362.00
San Pedro Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $12,349.20
Smelsa Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $1,762.00
(Japanese money) Crisis military service fund contributions ¥1,000.00

Lompoc Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $2,457.00
Crisis military service fund contributions $80.00
Total $2,537.00

Santa Barbara Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $2,541.56
Venice-Palms Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $906.50
Crisis military service fund contributions (Japanese money) ¥100.00

San Diego Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $7,377.73
Crisis military service fund contributions $95.00
Total $7,472.73

Gardena Heigen Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $2,725.63
Central Imperial Heigen Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $4,065.72
Crisis military service fund contributions $30.00
Total $4,095.72

Guadalupe Japanese Associations collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $17,848.80
Crisis military service fund contributions $403.65
Total - - $18,252.45

Teikoku Heigen Japanese Association collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $4,451.25
Crisis military service fund contributions $51.00
Total : $4,502.25

Long Beach Japanese Association collections:

Long term patriotic fund contributions $2,462.24
Crisis military service fund contributions $10.00
Total : $2,472.24

Montebello Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic contributions: $2,329.54
Pasadena Japanese Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $3,075.36
Antelope Heigen Agricultural Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $127.50
Southern California Kaha (?) County Association fraternal collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $245.00
Potero Height Doshi Kai collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $219.00
Los Angeles Japanese Barbers' Association collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $547.00
Santa Maria Jugohoshi Kai collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $2,073.00
Lomita-Walteria Patriotic Society collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $738.00
Santa Ana Garden Grove Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $698.50
San Gabriel Heigen Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $1,008.00
Riverside Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service service fund contributions $700.90
Norwalk Agricultural Produce Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $1,738.00
Southern California Flower Market collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $1,286.00
Arizona Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $614.70
Orange County Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $1,236.72
Oxnard Japanese Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $1,174.50
Agricultural Produce Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $326.50
Anaheim Japanese Language School collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $146.00
Compton Buddhist School collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $94.00
Costa Mesa Produce Association collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $303.50
Pasadena Delphian Club collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $10.00
Talbot Japanese Language School collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $20.00
Brawley Methodist Episcopal Church Woman's Society collections: Crisis military service fund contributions $30.00
Sierra Madre Japanese Language School collections: Long-term patriotic fund contributions $28.00

Central Japanese Association of America office collections:

Long-term patriotic fund contributions $924.05
Crisis military service fund contributions $232.45
Total $1,156.50
¥100.00

MONEY FOR CRISIS BUNDLES

From all countrymen in Samar ¥140.12
Southern California Kagoshima Prefectural Women's Society ¥2,217.00
Santa Maria Joint Women's Societies ¥274.47
Brawley Buddhist Women's Association ¥620.44
San Bernardino Japanese Association ¥131.38
San Luis Obispo Buddhist Women's Association and Arroyo Grande Japanese Language School Mothers' Society ¥884.67
Costa Mesa Produce Association and Japanese Language School ¥425.18
Total ¥4,746.26

II

Abe, Shungo:

Fujii, Sei:

Futamura, Kohji:

Hamano, Yasuo:

Hara, Hatsuji:

Higashikuze, Masaye (Masae):

Ito, Takijiro (Takejiro):

Keneko, Kurakichi:

Kato, Takechi:

Kato, Tokuchi:

Kazuhaya (Kazahaya), Katsuichi:

Kono, Katsuya:

Kumamoto, Shunten:

Minami, Yaemon (Yayemon) (Yayuemon):

Mukaeda, Katsuma:

Murata, Shunichi:

Murata, Suematsu:

Muto, Kichitaro:

Nagamoto, Shozo:

Nakamura, Gongoro:

Nakamura, Kanta (Kenta):

Okura, Momota:

Sasahara, Yoshitaro:

Sasashima, Hideki:

Sato, Saburo:

Sato, Takeo:

Shirakawa, Choichiro:

Tada, Kinichi:

Takata, Geichi (Giichi):

Toba, Kotaro:

Tomio, Tomozo (Tomoyo) (Tamazo):

Tsunekawa, Senemon:

Watanabe, Chiyozaburo:

Urushibata, Kohjiro (Koujiro):

III

Thirty-two bales of tinfoil were shipped to Japan through the Japanese Consulate general and were contributed by the Japanese associations of Fresno, Utah, Kern County, Delano, and San Benito.

The Sonoma County Japanese Association announces a drive for the collection of tinfoil for shipment to Japan.

The Central California Japanese Association announces the collection and transmission to the War Ministry the sum of $3,542.05.

Japanese Association also supervised the assemblage of packages to be sent to soldiers of the Japanese Army in China and the collection of tinfoil. (At one time a huge pile of bundles for the soldiers was accumulated at the Japanese Association headquarters in San Francisco.)

When the order freezing Japanese assets was issued, Japanese Association of San Francisco announced that because of difficulties of transmission, it would no longer accept contributions of tinfoil to be sent to Japan.

Officers of the Japanese associations are very much in evidence on Tenchosetsu (Emperor's birthday) and visit consular residence, bow in obeisance before photographs of Emperor and Empress, drink toast in ceremonial wine.

Japanese associations now engaged in collecting emergency funds in view of critical times.

Japanese oil tanker crew given sightseeing tour by Japanese Association of San Francisco (April 1, 1941).

Oil tanker Erimo Maru sailed after sightseeing tour tendered crew.

Crew of Nisshin Maru entertained.

In May 1936, Tatsuki Sakada, president of the Courtland Japanese Association, returned to America with several American-born Japanese whose return he sponsored and reported on his efforts on behalf of Kibei movement.

Sponsored by the Kern County Japanese Association, a meeting of first and second generation Japanese was held with 24 first generation and 51 second generation Japanese in attendance. The chairman of the meeting was Seizo Takemoto, and the discussion concerned employment, Japanese language studies, and marriage.

Japanese Association of Los Angeles tendered a banquet to the presidents of all of the Japanese associations in the Los Angeles area. (The banquet was held at the Shogetsu Tei, 258 Jackson St., Los Angeles, Calif.)

Kenji Nakauchi, new consul of Los Angeles, was met by Nakamura and Mukaeda, presidents of both Japanese associations and H. T. Komai, editor and publisher of the Rafu Shimpo (a Japanese-language newspaper published in Los Angeles), together with about 100 representatives of all Japanese organizations, when he arrived on the 9 o'clock train.

(1) That the Japanese Government controls the operations of an important Japanese agency in the United States;
(2) That this agency is the Central Japanese Association;
(3) That the Central Japanese Association has subsidiary associations located throughout the Western Hemisphere;
(4) That the control so exercised by the Japanese Government is effected through Japanese diplomatic and consular officials;
(5) That the parent organization, the Central Japanese Association, is able to maintain control over its subsidiaries and all organized Japanese groups and all Japanese officials in any way connected therewith, by the giving of favors, such as securing agencies in the United States for Japanese firms, by conferring honorary Japanese titles on Japanese leaders, by monetary gifts, and so forth.

(1) To instill in its members an undying loyalty to the Japanese Government, to the Emperor, and to the Japanese language and traditions;
(2) To raise money for the Japanese Government and its war chest;
(3) To cooperate with and assist Japanese diplomatic and consular officials; and
(4) To keep the entire Japanese community under control, thereby serving Japan's interests in America.

IV

President: Gongoro Nakamura.
Vice presidents Kichitaro Muto, Isao Tojima, Shiroichi Koyama.
Secretaries: Kazuichi Hashimoto, Shozo Nagamoto, Kinji Nishi, Seikichi Aihara, Yoshisuke Hatanaka.
Board of directors: Shigetoshi Fujii, Masunosuke Otsui, Gentaro Bessho, Chotaro Fujita, Suetsugu Nishimura, Tametsugu Okubo, Shoten Kumamoto, Jihei Kuga, Koslairo Umekubo, Mankichi Nakamura, Tatsuo Abe, Hachiro Mizuzaki, Gyujiro Arita, Mitsuji Furuta, Suematsu Murata, Kantaro Inouye, Kikuhei Fujimoto, Shuntaro Yamashita, Momota Okura.
Advisers: Yayuemon Minami, Katsuma Mukaeda, Sei Fujii, Shungo Abe, Koh Murai.

Advisers: Tadayoshi Furukawa, Shonen Kimura, Hiroshi Suzuki.
Commandants: Dr. Rikita Honda, Momota Okura, Harunori Nagamine, Sadamatsu Tanaka.
Chief secretary: Naoshi Nakamura.
Assistant secretary: Sokichi Tabata.
Chief treasurer: Yoshinori Kuwada.
Assistant treasurer: Choichiro Shirakawa.
Director of reports and information: Sokichi Tabata.
Director of personnel: Tanzo Miyake.
Directors of headquarters: Sakutaro Kubota, Tetsuzo Sawataki, Kametaro Iwata, Futaro Hiraiwa.
Downtown representative: Takichi Kato.
Boyle Heights representative: Kichigoro Yoshimura.
Hollywood representative: Tamasaburo Yamauchi.
Uptown representative: Riemon Nishida.
Pasadena representative: Ukichi Kokura.
West Los Angeles representative: Uekichi Takagi.
Gardena representative: Haruichi Kijima.
San Pedro representative: Kuichi Izumi.
Huntington Beach representative: Kamenosuke Aoki.
Long Beach representative: Koji Futamura.

President: Shintaro Fukushima.
Vice presidents: Gongoro Nakanuira, Shungo Abe, Shunichi Murata.
Secretaries: Shunsui Seki, Shunten Kumamoto, Shunichi Murata,
Superintendent: Katsuma Mukaeda.
Directors: Shintaro Fukushiina, Kojin Tanaka, Gongoro Nakamura, Shungo Abe, Shunichi Murata, Shunten Kumamoto, Kozo Miyabe, Masaye Higashikuze, Kotaro Toba, Takeo Sato, Yutaka Kubota, Ryuji Tatsuno, Eiji Tanabe, Ken Nakazawa, Iku Akashi, Yayuemon Mmami, Katsuma Mukaeda.

President: Louise Ward Watkins.
Vice presidents: Gongoro Nakamura, Dr. Yorinori Kukichi, C. H. Matson, Nellie G. Oliver.
Secretaries: Maraget Hara, Mrs. Nimumo.
Treasurer: Hatsuji Hara.

President: Shinichi Murata.
Vice presidents: Minoru Hori, Shinkichi Osada.
Treasurers: Hideki Sasashima, Sadagoro Hoshizaki.
Auditors: Mitsuhiko Shimizu, Shoji Naruse.
Board of Trustees: Iku Akashi, chairman.
Director of trade: Shunosuke Komatsu.
Director of industry: Morizo Yokomizo.
Director of investigation: Ban Osa.
Director of social relations: Hitoshi Fukui.
Director of promotion: Koh Matsuzaki.
Director of commercial affairs: Tadashi Shimada.
Director of information: Kichitaro Kurata.

President: (honorary), Consul Shintaro Fukushima.
President: Masajiro Kai.
Treasurer: Shunichi Murata, Shiro Nakamura.
Trustees: Toyosaku Komai, Kichitaro Muto, Katsuma IMukaeda.
Managing editor: Dr. Sakae Suski.

President: Shungo Abe.
Vice presidents: Koshiro Umekubo, Fusataro Nakaya, Katsuma Kono, Kakuo Tanaka.
Treasurers: Meijiro Sato, Tameichi Asano.
Auditors: Jimbei Hori, Hideo Okada, Kotaro Sakakura, Kenjiro Shinozaki.
Executive secretary : Shuichi Sasaki.
Councilors: Shunten Kumamoto, Masaji Ito, Jiro Fujioka, Genichiro Iwasaki, Shozo Nagamoto, Kurakichi Kaneko, Takechi Kato, Tokuchi Kato, Katsuichi Kazahaya, Taiji Kita, Kyuji Komai, Mitsubu Amano, Ukitaro Aratani, Junji Asakura, Momotaru Kuwaki, Kintaro Asano, Sukehichi Maruyama, Yosaku Miyabe, Tatsuzo Furukawa, Shigetaro Miyazaki, Toto Moroto, Hatsuji Hara, Katsuma Mukaeda, Shunichi Murata, Kichitaro Muto, Tomoyo Tomio, Gongoro Nakamura, Shinsuke Wakabayashi, Mankichi Nakamura, Kempei Watanabe, Itaro Yamano, Denshiro Nishimoto, Kametaro Akiyama, Tomomi Yamashita, Hyoshiro Nomura, Yasuo Hamano, Geichi Takata, Tametsu, Odera, Hideki Sasashima, Miyakichi Sato, Saburo Sato, Sekijiro Shimahara, Kohei Shimano, Mitshuhiko Shimizu, Hideo Shirai, Junichi Sngihara, Seichro Takeda, Takeo Sato, Kyuichi Sasaki, Yoshitaro Sasahara, Masataro Kido, Kotaro Toba, Masamichi Yamamoto, Hideo Okada, Komao Sasamoto, Masaye Higashikuze, Yoshitaka Hoda, Choichiro Shirakawa, Byohei Takeshita, Senemon Tsunekawa, Kinichi Tada, Takijiro Ito, Kanta Nakamura, Takeo Tsumura, Takeo Miyake, Chozo Watanabe, Tokujiro Tokata, Kazuo Kimura.

President: Suetsumi Nichimura.
Vice presidents: T. Sakaguchi, Hichitaro Takayama, Otaro Kurokawa.
Treasurers: Takucihi Izumi, Kazuichi Hashizuma, Jiro Merita.
Auditors: Shichiro Hayakawa, Nimpo Tsushima.
Director of Education: Kiyogi Mikuri.
Assistant: Motojiro Iwata.
Secretary: Yayemitsu Sugimachi.

President: Kikuhei Fujimoto.
Vice president: Kuraichi Tamura.
Secretary-treasurer: Imasaji Ujie.
Board of trustees: Takasumi Asakura, Kanazuchi Fujii, Hideo Fukushima, Kanezo Furukawa, Kinujiro Imai, Yonezo Inouye, Shigezo Koga, Tomoyo Kuroki, Hambei Nakayama, Masanori Takano, Kichigoro Takizaki, Tsuneo Takeuchi, Masao Kamizaka, Suetezo Yamada.

President: Yoshisuke Hatanaka.
Vice president: Tamihei Hamajima.
Niland vice president: Zensuke Uchimiya.
Treasurers: Fuyutaro Nakamura, Yasunosuke Honda.
Auditors: Sakaemon Sato, Hiroshi Aizawa.
Agricultural chairman: Tomohachi Miyagi.
Commercial chairman: Terumi Takahashi.
Young people's chairman: Hidemaro Kubo.
Secretary: Shohachi Nishizaki.

President: Isao Tojima.
Vice presidents: Shigetoshi Fujii, Shigenaga Kawata, Shinji Shigenaka, Kichinosuke Ikegoe.
Treasurers: Benzo Tadokoro, Gisaburo Minami.
Auditors: Gohemon Higashi, Kentaro Uyeda, Yasoichi Miyawaki, Yasuhisa Matsumura, Masamitsu.
Secretary: Tsutomu Ozamoto.

President: Shimato Shimazu.
Vice president: Chiyozaburo Watanabe.
Treasurers: Kiyoto Shigeichi, Magoichi Yusa.
Auditors: Minekichi Mukae, Yuzaburo Yamanaka.
Japanese patriotic league:

President: Senkichi Shikami.
Vice presidents: Kametaro Naoye, Shigetomo Sasa.
Treasurers: Nakasuke Nakamishi, Toyoshige Mayeda.
Auditors: Ichijiro Sakata, Yoshimatsu Kishi.
Secretary: Kumaji Ikenaga.

President: Gentaro Bessho.
Vice president: Kuniji Watanabe.
Treasurers: Mataji Yoshii, Masao Kubota.
Auditors: Otegora Muranaka, Shinichi Sasaki, Shohichi Morimoto.
Secretary: Sanzo Uyeyama.

President: Kazuichi Hashimoto.
Vice presidents: Yosaburo Hama, Momota Okura, Kojiro Kawachi.
Treasurers: Akimatsu Nakamura, Yasutaro Tanaka.
Auditors: Tetsunosuke Koiso, Shintaro Nakagawa.
Secretary: Shigemasa Hiraga.
Advisers: Kohjiro Urushibata, Yoichiro Okuyama, Isahei Hatashita.

President: Tsunetaro Kogawa.
Vice presidents: Saburo Tanaka, Aikichi Arikawa.
Treasurers: Tamehachi Hayashida, Tatsunosuke Horikiri.
Auditors: Kohei Yoshida, Sotaro Hokoyama.
Head of agriculture: Alatakichi Saito.
Head of social relations: Hito Yoshita.
Supporters: Saito, Nagata, Horikiri, Tanaka, Kogawa, Suzukawa, Sakioka, Nakamura, Takahama, Arikawa, Hokoyama, Tsujii, Hito. Jingo, Hayashida, Kinoshita, Nishikawa, Yoshida.

President: Tatsu Abe.
Vice president: Hiroji Uyemura.
Treasurers: Shinichi Inouye, Kumajiro Hirata.
Auditors: Kogawa, Yamamoto, Tadao Shimazu, Keinosuke Oizumi.
Secretary: Shizuo Oka.

President: Tametsugu Okubo.
Vice presidents: Chiyasu Inaba, Shonosuke Ishikawa.
Treasurers: Kei Murai, Masaji Sakai.
Auditors: Tameyoshi Yonemura, Ryosaku Tsubota.

President: Mitsuji Furuta.
Vice president: Hichiro Nagamutsu.
Treasurers: Satomi Tsuchimi, Shuji Kanno.
Secretary: Hikichi Iwamoto.

President: Seikichi Aihara.
Vice presidents: Kametsuchi Shioya, Nobuyoshi Gohda.
Treasurers: Takuichi Ohtori, Tomezo Kawamoto.
Auditors: Kameichi Sato, Hitoshi lida.
Agricultural chairman: Kamesuke Shindo.

President: Kinji Nishi.
Vice presidents: Masashi Ikeda, Kaneji Yamaguchi, Kamekichi Kino.
Treasurers: Nagoshiro Morotaguchi, Liazo Tanamachi.
Auditors: Tazoh Kawanami, Kohji Futamura, Kozaburo Ogata, Toshizo Yasuda.
Japanese American and public relationship chairman: Tempu Arikawa.
Education chairman: Aikichi Osaku.
Business chairman: Toshiji Ikoma.
Agricultural chairman: Tomiji Hirao.
Kendo chairman: Michitoku Eguchi.
Secretary: Yoshiye Kamiye.

President: Takema Kawakami.
Vice presidents: Takeichi Nakajima, Genjiro Hasegawa.
Treasurers: Kyutaro Shimada, Hoichi Kato.
Auditors: Goichi Yamamoto, Fusataro Nakamoto, Mataichi Morikawa, Takechi Furusa, Jinta Okazaki, Shintaro Iwai.
Produce chairman: Kensuke Omoto.
Education chairman: Tomio Okada.
Strawberry chairman: Shogi Makino.
Binding chairman: Kamaike Shigemon.
Entertainment chairman: Taishiro Soyejima.
Recreation (sports) chairman: Sanji Kinoshita.
Councilors: Seichi Kako, Otakichi Sakamoto, Taroji Kaminaka, Katsukichi Munekiyo, Tanzo Riye, Hidehiko Minomi, Chichichi Endo.
Secretary: Hachiro Uno.
Vegetable chairman: Kaichi Muraoka.

President: Genji Yuzawa.
Vice presidents: Shigeyoshi Omori, Matsunosuke Niisawa.
Treasurer: Otsukichi Miyata.
Auditors: Somatsu Minami, Fusataro Seko.
Secretary: Kamekichi Sasaki.

Vice presidents: Naminosuke Date, Takaji Tsumagari.
Treasurers: Aikichi Matooka, Shigeru Masumoto.
Auditors: Tetsuzo Kushino, Sohichi Hosaka, Yoshitaro Yoshimura, Kyutaro Gokuchi.
Secretary: Yojiro Nakadate.

President: Chotaro Fujita.
Vice presidents: Tsuneichi Yamada, Sho Kawada.
Treasurer: Kumanosuke Inatomi.
Auditors: Tokumatsu Shiozaki, Wakamatsu Takasugi.
Secretary: Shikazo Mano.

Educational directors: Jitsutaro Tokuyama, Shokichi Iwamoto.
Directors of finance: Kiyotaro Iwamoto, Shinjiro Inouye, Suezo Tagami, Masazo Furuya.
Social chairmen: Kichijiro Meifu, Nobuzo Suzuki.
Directors of relief: Akita Kitagawa, Shiraichi Koyama, Yojiro Oichi,
Secretary: Masao Shimada.

President: Hachiro Mizuzaki.
Vice president: Shuichi Kawaoka.
Treasurers: Kiyotaro Tanaka, Rinzaburo Kurozumi.
Auditors: Eiki Hori, Seizo Urujima.
Advisers: Kamekichi Taku, Tameji Eto.
Secretary: Seijo Onoyama.

President: Kantaro Inouye.
Vice presidents: Chotaro Yamauchi, Masuzo Kamifuji.
Treasurers: Tatsuo Nakachi, Hambei Kamibayashi.
Director of agriculture: Shuji Suzuki.
Director of commerce: Nobuyuki Moriguchi.
Adviser: Sugizo Fujioka.
Secretary: Matsuzo Sakaguchi.

President: Koh Iseri.
Vice presidents: Yutaka Suzuki, Tatsujiro Adachi, Tosuke Taniguchi.
Treasurers: Naomi Watanabe, Tadashi Hayashi.
Auditors: Yoshisuke Yamamoto, Kenjiro Nozawa, Kakichi Nakamura,
Kumaji Nakatsuhawa.
Special treasurers: Tetsuzo Narahara, Kiyotaro Sakaguchi, Hyichi Kamayatsu, Daizo Tajiri.
Advisers: Tatsuzo Furukawa, Tokujiro Takata, Kotaro Sakakura, Takinosuke Shirai, Shigekichi Hirami, Eichi Domoto.

President: Tsuneshi Kayano.
Vice presidents: Toyosaku Komai, Sei Fujii.
Managing director: Kizo Takeguchi.
Directors: Yayuemon Minami, Masajiro Kai, Kamezo Asano, Shunten Kumamoto, Eizo Maruyama, Zenjiro Kitazaki, Shintaro Nakamura, Umazaburo Matsuda.
Adviser: Ryosaku Matsuoka.

Board of directors:
Honorary chairman: Mrs. Shintaro Fukushima (wife of consul, 1940).
Managing director: Tetsuya Ishimaru.
Assistant: Shizuko Ando.
Secretary: Yuriko lida.
Treasurer: Setsuko Bessho.
Superintendent: Rokuichi Kusumoto.
Board of directors: Hitoshi Fukui, Nobuji Kawai, Katsu Tayama, Kazuko Suzuki.

President: Eiji Tanabe.
Vice presidents: Fred Tayama, Sumi Kashiwagi, George Morey (Mori).
Recording secretary: Ruth Yamazaki.
Corresponding secretary: Shizuko Narahara.
Treasurer: Ichiro Fukunaga.
Auditor: George Ono.
Members at large:
Kibei division: 124 South San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Dr. Moore, Dr. Gerard, Kinji Kikuchi, Mrs. Yokogawa, Atsushi Tsumura, Rev. Horikoshi, Reverend Koda, Koh Mizushima, Chikashi Tanaka.

SECTION XI

JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS' LEAGUE

Nisei division:

Vice presidents: Fred Tayama, Sumi Kashiwagi, George Mori.
Recording secretary: Ruth Yamazaki.
Corresponding secretary: Shizuko Narahara.
Treasurer: Ichiro Fukunaga.
Auditor: George Ono.
Members at large:

Kibei division:

SECTION XII

JAPANESE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

(1) Japanese Imperial Military Veterans' Association;
(2) Heimushakai of America;
(3) Japanese Military Virtue Society;
(4) Japanese Navy League;
(5) Japanese Togo Society.

Advisers:
President: Dr. Rikita Honda (Deceased.), 129½ East First Street, Los Angeles, and 16407 South Western Avenue, Moneta.
Vice presidents:
Procurator: Naoshi Nakamura ,113 West Second Street, Los Angeles.
Vice procurator: Sukichi Tabata, 540 Stanford Street, Los Angeles.
Treasurer: Yoshinori Sugita.
Vice treasurer: Choichiro Shirakawa, 849 Wall Street, Los Angeles.
Corresponding and recording secretary: Sukichi Tabata, 540 Stanford Street, Los Angeles.
Personal affairs secretary: Kanzo Miyake.
Directors of head office:
Head of first division, downtown: Takichi Kato, 204½ East First Street, Los Angeles.
Head of Boyle Heights Division: Kichigoro Yoshimura, 1064 Camulos, Los Angeles.
Head of third division: Tamasaburo Yamauchi, 1438 Cole Place, Los Angeles.
Head of fourth division, uptown: Rizaemon Nishida, 2835 West Eleventh Street, Los Angeles.
Head of fifth division, Pasadena: Ukichi Ogura, 299 South Pasadena Avenue, Pasadena.
Head of sixth division, West Los Angeles: Umekichi Takagi, 1926 Beloit Avenue, Sawtelle.
Head of seventh division, Gardena: Shunichi Kijima, route 2, Box 89, Gardena.
Head of eighth division, San Pedro: Kuichi Izumi, 187 Terminal Way, Terminal Island.
Head of ninth division, Huntington Beach: Kamenosuke Aoki, Route 1, Box 100, Huntington Beach.
Head of tenth division, Long Beach: Yoshiji Nimura, Route 1, Box 545, Long Beach.

(Note. -- No addresses of individuals are given in the notice. These have been ascertained wherever possible and added.)

During the 5 years since the outbreak of the China incident, having collected some 850,000 yen for the aid of the soldiers and a tremendous number of bundles as a public service, the Heimushakai announced that because of the American freezing policy against Japan, it would no longer be possible to transmit relief funds; therefore, and with this as a basis for an executive meeting, at 1 o'clock on the 31st in the Buddhist Hall, some 300 representatives met and as a result of a serious discussion announced: "The Heimushakai of America, reflecting upon American freezing of Japanese assets and other matters, has decided to disband. Unfinished business in the future will be attended to by the central committee composed of five men: Yonemoto, Inouye, Sakemaki, Fujimoto, and Nonaka." At one time since its formation, the association numbered 8,000 members, which is a tribute to Japanese spirit for public service, and upon present dissolution, there remains frozen $2,300 to be remitted for which a license is being sought, which is one of the duties of the committee. Branches elsewhere in similar fashion to the main headquarters should appoint a committee to handle uncompleted business before disbanding. The association and its members, after disbanding, should do everything possible in the interest of Japanese-American friendship and be good citizens, obeying the American law. In conclusion, thanks is given to the Japanese-American and New World Sun newspapers and their staff for which a banquet was tendered at the Sakura Inn and thereafter, in the same hall, a motion picture entitled "Flaming Skies" was shown to the representatives.

It is announced that war veterans' associations in Japan, Germany, and Italy, in keeping with the spirit of the Axis treaty, will form joint and advisory committees to aid in establishing the new world order. There are three and a half million veterans and reservists in Japan, headed by General Imei, who have pledged their cooperation to Axis aims.

The Japanese Heimushakai of America, in the sixty-sixth meeting reported collection of $5,968.60 making a total of 829,440.34 yen collected and transmitted to Japan for military service use from the organizations: Chico, $32.50; Monterey $100; Tulare County Red Heart Society, $73.50; Thornton, $5.50; Richmond $44; Sonoma County, $53.50; Eden Jugo Koseikai, $105.50; Marin County, $26.25 Lodi Kynzaikai, $195; Mount View Seishin Kai, $142.25; Alvarado, $69.25 San Benito County, $78.35; Contra Costa County, $91.50; Watsonville Hoshikai $87.75; Santa Cruz, $13; Redwood City, $34; Vacaville, $82; San Mateo, $115 Bingham, $56; Berkeley, $176.75; Oakland, $287; Eiki Nagada, $5; San Francisco $401.50; Ryozo Fiyita, $5; Hosei School Parents Association, $3; Pescadero, $18 Salinas Japanese Association, $237.25; State of Nevada, $93.50; Ogden, $74.25 Honeyville, $40.50; Rock Springs, $31.75; Idaho Falls, $23; Corin County, $18.50 Kersey Valley, $8; Davis County, $79.75; Shuji Nakanishi, $10; Chico, $23.50 Thornton, $5.50; Yamato Colony, $40; Pescadero, $21.50; Salt Lake City, $99 Murray, $27.50; South Utah, $51.

Southern California area. -- 230 Terminal Way, Terminal Island, Calif. (It is significant that the organization has its southern California headquarters on Terminal Island, which is in the center of Los Angeles Harbor and the focal point of defense industries located in Los Angeles. In addition to this fact, approximately 3,000 Japanese live on the island.)
Sacramento area. -- 1300 Fourth Street, Sacramento, Calif.
Fresno area. -- 832 F Street, Fresno, Calif.
Northwestern area. -- 503 Main Street, Seattle, Wash.

Alvarado:
Auburn:
Lindsay:
Sebastopol:
Suisun:

Imperial Japanese naval training squadron arrives San Francisco, command, Admiral Zengo Yoshida (later Naval Minister, Abe cabinet). Ships boarded Seattle, Minoru Iino, staff consul general in San Francisco. Traveled with ships, arranged all itineraries and entertainment for cadets. Two ships, Yakumo and Iwate served Russo-Japanese War. Arranged teams for wrestling cadet teams and Military Virtue Society teams.

Sacramento: The Sacramento area league of the Military Virtue Society of North America will hold their spring fencing meet at the Sacramento Young Buddhists' Hall on March 13. Chairman: Jiro Okada. Welcome speeches: Ryokutaro Sato, president. Japanese Association, Sacramento; Matsunosuke Tsukamoto, president. Military Virtue Society of North America. (Tsukamoto, past president Japanese Association, San Francisco, owner: People's laundry, San Francisco.)

The Southern California branch of the Military Virtue Society of Japan will, on July 20, beginning at noon, in the Koyasan Hall, Los Angeles, hold its yearly Military Virtue festival and military (fencing) exercises with groups from places as follows competing: Brawley, El Centro, Central School, Los Angeles, Up Town, Zenshu (religious). Keystone, Gamita, Redondo Beach, Rhone (?) Baldwin, Hawthorne, El Monte, San Bernardino, Riverside, Coachela, Pasadena, Sawtelle, Santa Monica, Alpine, Huntington Beach, Oceanside, San Diego, and Chula Vista -- in all numbering 24 groups. A heated contest is anticipated.

The Dominguez Hills Hokokukai (patriotic association) contributed $36 to the military attaché at the Imperial Embassy in Washington.

The Chula Vista Melon Growers Association and the Celery Growers Association received through the imperial consulate the following letter thanking them for contributions made to army service funds:

Referring to the recent incident and the service funds and packages contributed for the expeditionary forces, I am grateful and hereby express my most sincere thanks.
Dated December 19, 1937.

* * * * * * *

In view of the latest Japanese-American relations and in anticipation of the enactment of the peacetime conscription law in America, many Japanese parents, fearing their sons' pointing guns against their parents' country, have sent their sons back to Japan, where available manpower is sorely needed.

SECTION XIII

KEN AND PREFECTURAL ORGANIZATIONS

Aichi, Kenjin Kai, 256 East First Street.
Chiba, Kenjin Kai, 316 South Saratoga Street.
Ehime, Kenjin Kai, 117½ Weller Street.
Fukui, Kenjin Kai, 123 South Hewitt Street.
Fukushima, Kenjin Kai, 367 East First Street.
Fukushima, Kenjin Kai, 233½ East First Street.
Gifu, Ken Kaigai Kyo Kai, 319 East First Street.
Gun Ma Kenjin Kai, 114 North San Pedro Street.
Itochima, Kenjin Kai, 117 North San Pedro Street.
Kagawa, Kenjin Kai, 130 Rose Street.
Horishima, Kenjin Kai, 114 North San Pedro Street.
Ibaragi, Kenjin Kai, 547 San Julian Street.
Kanagawa, Kenjin Kai, 801 East First Street.
Kumamoto, Kaigai Kyo Kai, 355 East First Street.
Kumano, Aiyu Kai, 211 East First Street.
Kyoto Fu, Jin Kai, 233½ East First Street.
Miyagi, Ken Jin Kai, 244½ East First Street.
Miye Ken Kaigai Kyo Kai, 128 North San Pedro Street.
Nagano, Ken Jin Kai, 250 East First Street.
Nagasaki, Ken Jin Kai, 749 East Twentieth Street.
Nanka, Bocho Kaigai, 326 East First Street.
Nanka, Buzen Jin Doshikai, 513 East First Street.
Nanka, Fukuoka Ken Jin Kai, 309 Jackson Street.
Nanka, Ishikawa Ken Jin Kai, 617 East Fifth Street.
Nanka, Ken Jin Kai, 3480 East Fourth Street.
Nanka, Iwate Ken Jin Kai, 3480 East Fourth Street.
Nanka, Kagoshima Ken Jin Kai, 226½ East First Street.
Nanka, Kochi Ken Jin Kai, 1269 West Thirty-sixth Street.
Nanka, Nara Ken Jin Kai, 205 South San Pedro Street.
Nankai, Okawa Ken Jin Kai, 1021 Towne Avenue.
Nankai, Okayama Kaigai Kyokai, 367 East First Street.
Nanka, Shizuoka Kaigai Kyo Kai, 367 East First Street.
Nanka, Toyama Ken Jin Kai, 2508 East First Street.
Nanka, Wakayama Ken Jin Kai, 251 East First Street.
Nanka, Yamanashi Kaigai Kyokai, 104 North Los Angeles Street.
Niigata, Ken Jin Kai, 4907 Maplewood Avenue.
Oita, Ken Jin Kai, 201 East First Street.
Okinawa, Ken Jin Kai, 744 Wall Street.
Saga, Ken Jin Kai, 336½ East First Street.
Shiga, Ken Jin Kai, 113½ East First Street.
Shimane, Ken Jin Kai, 2115 East Third Street.
Shinano, Kaigai Kyo Kai, 250 East First Street.
Seattle, Kai, 218 North Fremont Avenue.
Tokyo, Jin Kai, 304 East Second Street.
Tottori, Ken Jin Kai, 221 Jackson Street.
Yamagata, 116 North San Pedro Street.
Yamaguchi, Ken Jin Kai, 355 East First Street.

(1) Nisei:
(2) Kibei:
(3) Issei:
(4) Sansei:

SECTION XIV

PRO-AXIS PROPAGANDA IN JAPANESE PUBLICATIONS

EXHIBIT NO. 111

Premier Konoye and Chairman Marquis Giacomo Paulucci (Tokyo, March 1938).
Photo by Tomekichi Omuku, Domei Tsushin Sha.

The Italian Fascist Goodwill Mission of eighteen members, headed by Marquis Giacomo Paulucci di Calboli Barone, arrived at Tokyo Station by the Fuji Express at 3:35 p.m., March 19, 1938, and was accorded an enthusiastic welcome by the Japanese people.

Italy and Japan are firmly united under the banner of anti-Comintern front, and the two nations have been brought into even closer cooperation and friendship by the visit of the Fascist Goodwill Mission.

On the day of the Mission's arrival, the platform of Tokyo Station was decorated with the flags of Japan and Italy, which were also displayed throughout the whole city to express the hearty welcome of the people to the visitors.

On reaching Tokyo the members of the Mission immediately proceeded to the Imperial Palace and entered their names in the visitors' register to pay their respects to H.I.M, the Emperor. Afterward they called on the Premier, Foreign Minister, War Minister, Navy Minister and other high officials, to whom they delivered the goodwill messages which they had brought from the Government and people of Italy.

The Mission members also exchanged greetings with various public organizations throughout the country and acquainted themselves with the true spirit and conditions of Japan by observing industries, commerce and other phases of Japanese culture and progress. Thus the visitors fulfilled their great mission of friendship and mutual understanding.

EXHIBIT NO. 112

Italian Mission Calling on Foreign Minister Hirota (Tokyo, March. 1938).
Photo by Domei Tsushin.

EXHIBIT NO. 113

Receiving the lantern procession and shouts of Banzai: right to left, German Ambassador von Dirksen, Foreign Minister Hirota, and Italian Ambassador Auriti.
(Tokyo, November 6, 1937) Photo by Domei Tsushin Sha.

H. I. H. Prince Chichibu Attends Luncheon on
First Anniversary of Anti-Comintern Pact
(Tokyo. November 25, 1937)

One year after the signing of the Japan-Germany Anti-Comintern pact, Italy joins the agreement and the Berlin-Tokyo Axis is extended to Rome. While the whole nation is joyously celebrating the conclusion of the Three-Power Anti-Comintern Pact, the first anniversary of the Germany-Japan pact is celebrated on November 25. The whole of Tokyo is bedecked with national flags, and the pupils at all schools shout Banzai for the three nations at their morning assembly. In celebration of the first anniversary, German Ambassador von Dirksen entertains at a luncheon held at the Germany Embassy, which H. I. H. Prince Chichibu attends. Present are Premier Konoye, Foreign Minister Hirota, War Minister Sugiyama, Navy Minister Yonai, Justice Minister Shiono, former Foreign Minister Arita, and other notables representing Japan. Ambassador and Mrs. von Dirken, and other members of the Embassy representing Germany; Ambassador Auriti and other members of the Italian Embassy representing Italy. Thus the three nations join hands in cooperation and understanding, and the luncheon is a significant expression of the spirit of the Tokyo-Rome-Berlin Axis. Photo shows the luncheon at the Germany Embassy; on the right of H. I. H. Prince Chichibu is the German Ambassador, and on the left the Italian Ambassador; in front of the German Ambassador is Premier Konoye.

EXHIBIT NO. 114

The historic signing of the Japan-German-Italy Anti-Comintern pact took place at 11 a.m. (Tokyo time 7 p.m.) Novemhcr 6, 1937 at the Foreign Minister's room in the Foreign Office at Rome. Those presents were Colonel von Ribbentrop, representative of Chancellor Hitler, and German Ambassador von Hussel at Rome, Foreign Minister Ciano of Italy, anti-Japanese Ambassador Hotta. All signed the pact, written in Japanese, German and Italian. After the signing of the historic document at Rome, a celebration banquet held by the Foreign Office in Tokyo to which the German and Italian Ambassadors to Japan and others were invited. While the banquet was in progress more than 2,500 men and women, members of the Youngmen's Association, National Defence Women's Association, Patriotic Students' League and other of Kojimachi and Shiba wards in which the German and Italian Embassies are respectively located, marched through the drizzling rain, carrying lighted lanterns, to the Foreign Minister's official residence and shouted Banzai.

EXHIBIT NO. 115

Thirty members of the Hitler Jugend arrived at Yokohama at 12:30 p.m. August 17, 1938, and were given a hearty welcome at the pier by several thousand members of the Young Men's Association, Boy Scouts, and others. The Hitler Jugend boys sang the German National Anthem, the Nazi Party Song, and Kimigayo, and received an enthusiastic greeting from the people present who gave the salute of raising the right hand. The visitors arrived at Tokyo Station at 2:15 p.m. and immediately proceeded to the Imperial Palace, Meiji Shrine, and the Yasukuni Shnne where they paid homage to the spirits of the brave soldiers and sailors there enshrined; and then went to the German Embassy.

During their three months' stay in the country, they called on the Foreign Minister, War Minister, Navy Minister, and Eduction Minister to pay their formal respects. They also climbed Mt. Fuji, spent several days with Japanese boys in camp at Lake Yamanaka, and met Premier Konoye at his villa in Karuizawa. The party formed an intimate friendship with the young men of Japan and thus fully performed their important mission of fostering and cooperation under the anti-Comintern Pact.

EXHIBIT NO. 116

Welcome Given by Young Men in Festive Dress (Hakata, April, 1938).
Photo by Tomokichi Omuku, Domei Tsushin Sha.

EXHIBIT NO. 117


EXHIBIT NO. 118

Italian Mission Being Greeted by Mayor Oiwa of Nagoya
at the Gold-Dolphin Castle (Nagoya, April, 1938).
Photo by Kokki Ito, Nagoya Branch, Osaka Asahi Shimbun Sha.

EXHIBIT NO. 119

Left Page: Italian Goodwill Mission at the Garden of Heaven, Peking.
Upper: In front of the stairway, Garden of Heaven.
Lower: The Italian Mission is welcomed by the Hungpao Association at Hsinking.
(Manchoukuo, May, 1938). Photo by Tomokichi Omuku, Domei Tsushin Sha.

EXHIBIT NO. 120

Grand March Toward World Peace
A National Mass Meeting is held to celebrate the Conclusion of the Japan-Germany-Italy Anti-Comintern Pact.
(Korakuyen Stadium, Tokyo, November 25, 1937).

EXHIBIT NO. 121


EXHIBIT NO. 122


EXHIBIT NO. 123


EXHIBIT NO. 124

THE VOICE OF RAFU SHIMPO

Battleships of more than 35,000 tons cannot pass through the Panama Canal. Only ships whose width is 106 feet or less can pass through it. Four ships of Iowa class, built in 1940, were of 45,000 tons each. Ten battleships now under construction are too large * * *. Therefore, the two-ocean navy really is a one-ocean navy.

President Roosevelt is very much concerned as to how America can match German armaments which have been prepared for 7 years. America might launch a battle against us, with 15 capital ships, 6 aircraft carriers, 18 heavy cruisers, 17 light cruisers, 80 destroyers, 45 submarines, comprising a first-line navy. But it would be very dangerous to attack Japan several thousand miles away * * * for it would be fatal for the American Navy to fight so far from its base.

If capital ships constitute power, look at what Germany does before our very eyes. It is so clear that there is no need for further explanation. Japan will not sit idle while America prepares.

The clash between the ambitions of western powers and Japanese continental policy, both of which are seeking to advance in China, would seem to be inevitable unless one is forced to submit to the superior power of the other, as long as the semi-colonial China continues to exist as in the past, or as long as the present world order prevails.

The present Sino-Japanese incident, with utmost insistence, demands a solution to the question of creating a new and true world order, and of making a clean sweep of the semi-colonial condition of China.

SECTION XV

JAPANESE BUDDHISM

Buddhism has had a great deal to do not only with the development of the arts in Japan, but with the advancement of culture in all its branches. In fact Japan without Buddhism would probably never have reached the present stage of civilization. Buddhism has represented so far in the history of Japan everything she needed. It was through its agency that this isolated island of ours got acquainted with continental civilization, Indian and Chinese, upon which our ancestors built up the foundation of present-day Japan (p. 66).

There is one thing at least in the history of Japanese Buddhism which any writer on the subject cannot afford to ignore, which is its influence on Bushido, the "Way of the Warrior." It may be better to say the Zen Buddhist influence, for it is chiefly Zen that was studied by the Samurai class. The reason is that the Samurai should be always thinking of death which may befall him at any moment. While death is the gravest problem for all of us and it is really what turns us to religion, it was a more serious and threatening one if one can say so for the Samurai whose profession was rather to court it. His business was to fight and fighting means to kill the opponent or to be killed by him. The most efficient and capable Samurai was, therefore, the one who could defy death. But this defying was not to be just giving up life after the fashion of a desperado. There ought to be a certain philosophical understanding of the question, "What is life?" or "What is death?" This understanding is given by Zen simply and directly, that is, without the intricate medium of intellection and ritualism, which excellently suited the Samurai psychology.

The Samurai may be a great statesman, or a learned scholar, but the one thing most needed for him was to be above death. When his mind was freed from it, to whatever decisions he might come in the course of his profession he could carry them out regardless of any personal consequences following them. Or we can say this: His judgments which he was then ready to execute to the best of his ability, would be quite impersonal and therefore more to the point.

Bushido developed under the Hozyo regime when Zen Buddhism was introduced from China, and it was at once embraced by the Hozyo family and his retainers. They are noted for their simple life, bravery, and wise administration. The Mongolian invasion which was indeed the greatest event in the history of Japan before the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), was repulsed by them, and most historians think the strength of character of the central figure engaged in the task was derived from his training in Zen. However, this may be, there is no doubt that Zen has been a great spiritual force for the building up of Japanese Bushido (pp. 68, 71, 72).

Higashi Hongwanji Betsuin, 118 North Mott Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:


Hompa Hongwanji Rafu Betsuin, Los Angeles Hongwanji Betsuin, 119 North Central Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Koyasan Beikoku Botsuin, Koj'asan Betsuiii of the United States, 342 East First Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Rafu Nichiren Shu Kyokai, Los Angeles Nichiren Shu Church, 2800 East Third Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Kashuzen Nichirenji, 130 Rose Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Hokubeizen Zenshuji, 123 South Hewitt Street, Los Angeles, Calif.

Gosan Zenneiji, 727½ East First Street, Los Angeles, Calif.:

Tozenkutsu, 441 Turner Street, Los Angeles, Calif.: Hermit master (literal translation) : Nyogen Senzaki.

BUSHIDO

About ten years ago, while spending a few days under the hospitable roof of the distinguished Belgian jurist, the lamented M. de Laveleye, our conversation turned during one of our rambles, to the subject of religion. "Do you mean to say," asked the venerable professor, "that you have no religious instruction in your schools?" On my replying in the negative, he suddenly halted in astonishment, and in a voice which I shall not easily forget, he repeated "No religion. How do you impart moral education?" The question stunned me at the time. I could give no ready answer, for the moral precepts I learned in my childhood days were not given in schools; and not until I began to analyse the different elements that formed my notions of right and wrong, did I find that it was Bushido that breathed them into my nostrils.

The direct inception of this little book is due to the frequent queries put by my wife as to the reasons why such and such ideas and customs prevail in Japan.

In my attempts to give satisfactory replies to M. de Laveleye and to my wife, I found that without understanding feudalism and Bushido, the moral ideas of present Japan are a sealed volume.

Taking advantage of enforced idleness on account of long illness, I put down in the order now presented to the public some of the answers given in our household conversation. They consist mainly of what I was taught and told in my youthful days, when feudalism was still in force.

Between Lafcadio Hearn and Mrs. Hugh Fraser on one side and Sir Ernest Satow and Professor Chamberlain on the other, it is indeed discouraging to write anything Japanese in English. The only advantage I have over them is that I can assume the attitude of a personal defendant, while these distinguished writers are at best solicitors and attorneys. I have often thought -- "Had I their gift of language, I would present the cause of Japan in more eloquent terms." But one who speaks in a borrowed tongue should be thankful if he can just make himself intelligible.

All through the discourse I have tried to illustrate whatever points I have made with parallel examples from European history and literature, believing that these will aid in bringing the subject nearer to the comprehension of foreign readers.

Should any of my allusions to religious subjects and to religious workers be thought slighting, I trust my attitude toward Christianity itself will not be questioned. It is with ecclesiastical methods and with the forms which obscure the teachings of Christ, and not with the teachings themselves, that I have little sympathy. I believe in the religion taught by Him and handed down to us in the New Testament, as well as in the law written in the heart. Further, I believe that God hath made a testament which may be called "old" with every people and nation -- Gentile or Jew, Christian or Heathen. As to the rest of my theology, I need not impose upon the patience of the public.

In concluding this preface, I wish to express my thanks to my friend Anna C. Hartshorne for many valuable suggestions.


In revising the present edition, I have confined the additions chiefly to concrete examples. I regret nay inability to add a chapter on Filial Piety, which is considered one of the two wheels of the chariot of Japanese ethics -- Loyalty being the other. * * *


Critical study has but deepened my own sense of the potency and value of Bushido to the nation. He who would understand twentieth-century Japan must know something of its roots in the soil of the past. Even if now as invisible to the present generation in Nippon as to the alien, the philosophic student reads the results of today in the stored energies of ages gone. The sunbeams of unrecorded time have laid the strata out of which Japan now digs her foot-pounds of impact for war or peace (p. V).


*No man in Japan has united the precepts and practice of his own Bushido more harmoniously in life and toil, labour and work, craft of hand and of pen, culture of the soil and of the soul. Illuminator of Dai Nippon's past. Dr. Nitobe is a true make of the New Japan. In Formosa, the empire's new accretion, as in Kioto, he is the scholar and practical man, at home in newest science and most ancient diligence (p. VII).


I would likewise point the Western historical and ethical student to the study of chivalry in the Japan of the present.

* * * My attempt is rather to relate, firstly, the origin and sources of our chivalry; secondly, its character and teaching; thirdly, its influence among the masses; and, fourthly, the continuity of permanence of its influence (p. 3).


Bushido means literally Military -- Knight -- Ways -- the ways which fighting nobles should observe in their daily life as well as in their vocation * * * (p. 4).

Bushido, then, is the code of moral principles which the knights were required or instructed to observe. It is not a written code; at best it consists of a few maxims handed down from mouth to mouth or coming from the pen of some well-known warrior or savant. More frequently it is a code unuttered and unwritten, possessing all the more the powerful sanctions of veritable deed, and is a law written on the fleshly tablets of the heart. It was founded not on the creation of one brain, however able, or on the life of a single personage, however renowned. It was an organic growth of decades and centuries of military career (p. 5). * * * Only as it attains consciousness in the feudal age, its origin, in respect to time, may be identified with feudalism. But feudalism itself is woven of many threads, and Bushido shares its intricate nature. * * * so we may say that in Japan its rise was simultaneous with the ascendancy of Yoritomo, late in the twelfth century. As, however, in England, we find the social elements of feudalism far back in the period previous to William the Conqueror, so, too, the germs of feudalism in Japan had been long existent before the period I have mentioned.

Again, in Japan as in Europe, when feudalism was formally inaugurated, the professional class of warriors naturally came into prominence. These were known as samurai, meaning literally, like the old English cniht (knecht, knight), guards or attendants -- resembling in character the soldurii, whom Caesar mentioned as existing in Aquitania, or the comitati, who, according to Tacitus, followed Germanic chiefs in his time; or, to take a still later parallel, the milites medii that one reads about in the history of Mediaeval Europe. A Sinico-Japanese word Buke or Bushi (Fighting Knights) was also adopted in common use. They were a privileged class, and must originally have been a rough breed who made fighting their vocation. This class was naturally recruited, in a long period of constant warfare, from the manliest and the most adventurous, and all the while the process of elimination went on, the timid and the feeble being sorted out, and only "a rude race, all masculine, with brutish strength," to borrow Emerson's phrase, serving to form families and the ranks of the samurai (pp. 5-8).


In Japan there were several sources of Bushido (p. 10).


I may begin with Buddhism. It furnished a sense of calm trust in Fate, a quiet submission to the inevitable, that stoic composure in sight of danger of calamity, that disdain of life and friendliness with death. A foremost teacher of -swordsmanship, when he saw his pupil master the utmost of his art, told -him, "Beyond this my instruction must give way to Zen teaching." "Zen" is the Japanese equivalent for the Dhyana, which "represents human effort to reach through meditation zones of thought beyond the range of verbal expression." Its method is contemplation, and its purport, so far as I understand it, to be convinced of a principle that underlies all phenomena, and, if it can, of the Absolute itself, and thus to put oneself in harmony with this Absolute. Thus defined, the teaching was more than the dogma of a sect, and whoever attains to the perception of the Absolute raises himself above mundane things and awakes "to a new Heaven and a new Earth."

What Buddhism failed to give, Shintoism offered in abundance. Such loyalty to the sovereign, such reverence for ancestral memory, and such filial piety as are not taught by any other creed, were inculcated by the Shinto doctrines, imparting passivity to the otherwise arrogant character of the samurai. Shinto theology has no place for the dogma of 'original sin.' On the contrary, it believes in the innate goodness and Godlike purity of the human soul, adoring it as the adytum from which divine oracles are proclaimed. Everybody has observed that the Shinto shrines are conspicuously devoid of objects and instruments of worship, and that a plain mirror (one of the symbols of the Japanese Imperial House) hung in the sanctuary forms the essential part of its furnishing * * * (pp. 11-13).

Its nature worship endeared the country to our inmost souls, while its ancestor worship, tracing from lineage to lineage, made the Imperial family the fountain head of the whole nation. To us the country is more than land and soil from which to mine gold or to reap grain -- it is the sacred abode of the gods, the spirits of our forefathers: to us the Emperor is more than the Arch Constable of a Rechtsstaat, or even the Patron of a Culturstaat -- he is the bodily representative of Heaven on earth, blending in his person its power and its mercy. * * *

The tenets of Shintoism cover the two predominating features of the emotional life of our race. -- Patriotism and Loyalty (p. 14).


Thus, whatever the sources, the essential principles which Bushido imbibed from them and assimilated to itself, were few and simple. Few and simple as these were, they were sufficient to furnish a safe conduct of life even through the unsafest days of the most unsettled period of our nation's history. The wholesome unsophisticated nature of our warrior ancestors derived ample food for their spirit from a sheaf of commonplace and fragmentary teachings, gleaned as it were on the highways and byways of ancient thought, and, stimulated by the demands of the age, formed from these gleanings a new and unique type of manhood. * * * "the vigorous initiative, the habit of sudden resolutions and desperate undertakings, the grand capacity to do and to suffer." In Japan as in Italy "the rude manners of the Middle Ages" made of man a superb animal, "wholly militant and wholly resistant." And this is why the sixteenth century displays in the highest degree the principal quality of the Japanese race, that great diversity which one finds there between minds (esprits) as well as between temperaments. While in India and even in China men seem to differ chiefly in degree of energy or intelligence, in Japan, they differ by originality of character as well. Now, individuality is the sign of superior races and of civilizations already developed. If we make use of an expression dear to Nietzsche, we might say that in Asia, to speak of humanity is to speak of its plains; in Japan as in Europe, one represents it above all by its mountains (pp. 20-22).


"* * * Rectitude is the power of deciding upon a certain course of conduct in accordance with reason, without wavering: -- to die when it is right to die, to strike when to strike is right." * * * "Rectitude is the bone that gives firmness and stature. As without bones the head cannot rest on the top of the spine, nor hands move nor feet stand, so without rectitude neither talent nor learning can make of a human frame a samurai. With it the lack of accomplishments is as nothing" (pp. 23-24).


What samurai youth has not heard of "Great Valour" and the "Valour of a Villain?"

Valour, Fortitude, Bravery, Fearlessness, Courage, being the qualities of soul which appeal most easily to juvenile minds, and which can be trained by exercise and example, were, so to speak, the most popular virtues, early emulated among the youth. Stories of military exploits were repeated almost before boys left their mother's breast. Does a little booby cry for any ache? The mother scolds him in this fashion: "What a coward to cry for a trifling pain! What will you do when your arm is cut off in battle? What when you are called upon to commit hara-kiri?" We all know the pathetic fortitude of a famished little boy prince of Sendai, who in the drama is made to say to his little page, "Seest thou those tiny sparrows in the nest, how their yellow bills are opened wide, and now see! there comes their mother with worms to feed them. How eagerly and happily the little ones eat! but for a samurai, when his stomach is empty, it is a disgrace to feel hungry." Anecdotes of fortitude and bravery abound in nursery tales, though stories of this kind are not by any means the only method of early imbuing the spirit with daring and fearlessness. Parents, with sternness sometimes verging on cruelty, set their children to tasks that called forth all the pluck that was in them. "Bears hurl their cubs down the gorge," they said. Samurai's sons were let down to steep valleys of hardship, and spurred to Sisyphuslike tasks. Occasional deprivation of food or exposure to cold, was considered a highly efficacious test for inuring them to endurance. Children of tender age were sent among utter strangers with some message to deliver, were made to rise before the sun, and before breakfast attend to their reading exercises, walking to their teachers with bare feet in the cold of winter; they frequently -- once or twice a month, as on the festival of a god of learning -- came together in small groups and passed the night without sleep, in reading aloud by turns. Pilgrimages to all sorts of uncanny places -- to execution grounds, to graveyards, to houses reputed of being haunted, were favourite pastimes of the young. In the days when decapitation was public, not only were small boys sent to witness the ghastly scene, but they were made to visit alone the place in the darkness of night and there to leave a mark of their visit on the trunkless head (pp. 30-33).


"Absolutism," says Bismarck, ''primarily demands in the ruler impartiality, honesty, devotion to duty, energy, and inward humility." If I may be allowed to make one more quotation on this subject, I will cite from the speech of the German emperor at Coblenz, in which he spoke of '"Kingship, by the grace of God, with its heavy duties, its tremendous responsibilities to the Creator alone, from which no man, no minister, no parliament, can release the monarch" * * * (p. 42).

"Rectitude carried to excess hardens into stiffness; benevolence indulged beyond measure sinks into weakness." * * *

"Bushi no nasake" -- the tenderness of a warrior -- had a sound which appealed at once to whatever was noble in us; not that the mercy of a samurai was generically different from the mercy of any other being, but because it implied mercy where mercy was not a blind impulse, but where it recognizes due regard to justice, and where mercy did not remain merely a certain state of mind, but where it was backed with power to save or kill. As economists speak of demand as being effectual or ineffectual, similarly we may call the mercy of Bushi effectual, since it implied the power of acting for the good or detriment of the recipient (p. 43).


"The end of all etiquette is to so cultivate your mind that even when you are quietly seated, not the roughest ruffian can dare make onset on your person." It means, in other words, that by constant exercise in correct manners, one brings all the parts and faculties of his body into perfect order and into such harmony with itself and its environment as to express the mastery of spirit over the flesh. * * *

Fine manners, therefore, mean power in repose. When the barbarian Gauls, during the sack of Rome, burst into the assembled Senate and dared pull the beards of the venerable Fathers, we think the old gentlemen were to blame, inasmuch as they lacked dignity and strength of manners (pp. 56-57).


The bare interior does not engross one's attention like the innumerable pictures and bric-a-brac of a Western parlour; the presence of kakemono (hanging scrolls, which may be either paintings or ideograms, used for decorative purposes) calls our attention more to grace of design than to beauty of colour. The utmost refinement of taste is the object aimed at; whereas anything like display is banished with religious horror (pp. 58-59).


In America, when you make a gift, you sing its praises to the recipient; in Japan we depreciate or slander it. The underlying idea with you is, "This is a nice gift: if it were not nice I would not dare give it to you; for it will be an insult to give you anything but what is nice." In contrast to this, our logic runs:

"You are a nice person, and no gift is nice enough for you" (p. 62).


"Which is the more important, to tell the truth or to be polite?" (Japanese believe it more important to be polite even if lying.) (p. 63).

EXHIBIT NO. 125

Shinto Mission Headquarters in the United States

EXHIBIT NO. 126

Shinto Mission Headquarters in the United States

EXHIBIT NO. 127

Japanese Temple in Los Angeles

EXHIBIT NO. 128

Captain Nango, Great Air Fighter, at His Private Residence
(Tokyo, January, 1938.) Photo by Domei Tsushin Sha.



New Year Naval Review at Yokosuka Naval Station
(Permitted by the Yokosuka Naval Station).
(Yokosuka, January, 1938). Photo by Domei Tsushin Sha.

EXHIBIT NO. 129

Empire Foundation March of boys dressed in ancient armor (at Kudan).

Empire Foundation Day Observed under Emergency



Mass fencing by boys filled with the Empire Foundation spirit
(at Hibiya). (Photo by Domei Tsushin Sha)

EXHIBIT NO. 130



EXHIBIT NO. 131

Army Units Stationed in Tokyo Worship at Yasukuni Shrine
During Special Grand Festival (Tokyo, April 25, 1938).
Photo by Heihachi Nakata Kokumin Shimbun Sha.

SECTION XVI

THE TANAKA MEMORIAL

MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN ON JULY 25, 1927, BY PREMIER BARON GIICHI TANAKA, OUTLINING THE POSITIVE POLICY IN MANCHURIA

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

MANCHURIA AND MONGOLIA NOT CHINESE TERRITORY

POSITIVE POLICY IN MANCHURIA

1. After the thirty-year commercial lease terminates, we should be able to extend the term at our wish. Also the right of leasing land for commercial, industrial, and agricultural purposes should be recognized.

2. Japanese subjects shall have the right to travel and reside in the eastern part of Mongolia, and engage in commercial and industrial activities. As to their movements, China shall allow them freedom from Chinese law. Furthermore, they must not be subject to illegal taxation and unlawful examination.

3. We must have the right of exploiting the nineteen iron and coal mines in Fengtien and Kirin, as well as the right of timbering.

4. We should have priority for building railroads and option for loans for such purposes in South Manchuria and Eastern Mongolia.

5. The number of Japanese political, financial, and military advisers and training officers must be increased. Furthermore, we must have priority in furnishing new advisers.

6. The right of stationing our police over the Koreans (in China).

7. The administration and development of the Kirin-Changchun Railway must be extended to 99 years.

8. Exclusive right of sale of special products -- priority of shipping business to Europe and America.

9. Exclusive rights of mining in Heilungkiang. 10. Rights to construct Kirin-Hueining and Changchun-Talai Railways.

11. In case money is needed for the redemption of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Japanese Government must have the first option for making loans to China.

12. Harbour rights at Antung and Yingko and the right of through transportation.

13. The rights of partnership in establishing a Central Rank of the Three Eastern Provinces.

14. Right of Pasturage.

POSITIVE POLICY TOWARDS INNER AND OUTER MONGOLIA

ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF KOREAN IMMIGRATION

RAILROADS AND DEVELOPMENT OF OUR NEW CONTINENT

1. Suolun-Taonan Railway.
2. Kirin-Harbin Railway.

1. Anta-Potung Railway.
2. Mienpo-Wuchang-Potuna Railway.
3. Kirin-Hailin Railway.
4. Mishan-Muling Railway.

1. From Chungchun to Osaka via Lochin, the distance is 406 miles by land and 475 miles by sea. In point of time the route will take 51 hours.

2. From Changchun to Osaka via Dairen and Kobe, the distance is 535 miles by land and 870 miles by sea. In point of time it takes 92 hours.

GOLD-STANDARD CURRENCY NECESSARY

ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT FROM A THIRD POWER

THE NECESSITY OF CHANGING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SOUTH MANCHURIAN RAILWAY

AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZER AMMONIA SULPHATE AND OTHER PRODUCTS

SODA AND SODA ASH

MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM

THE NECESSITY OF ESTABLISHING A COLONIAL DEPARTMENT

THE TALING RIVER VALLEY ON THE PEKING-MUKDEN RAILWAY

PRECAUTION AGAINST CHINESE MIGRATION

HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS

Tanaka Memorial
After the conference, on July 25, 1927, Tanaka presented a report to the Throne on the decision which had been made. Chinese intelligence agents tried to reconstruct this report by piecing together fragments which they had obtained of Tanaka's plan and of the position papers which had been delivered by members of the Suzuki Study Group. In their reconstruction the Chinese got the two points of view all mixed up. The result, which they published, became one of the most famous documents in Japanese history -- a pastiche of truths adding up to a gigantic forgery. Under the title, "The Tanaka Memorial," it was widely reprinted in the West, a few years later, as evidence of Japan's piratical aspirations. It permanently confused Western intelligence analysts, leading them to identify Tanaka and his Choshu-Constitutionalist faction with Japanese militarism.
According to the Chinese version of Tanaka's memorial to the Throne, Tanaka advised Emperor Hirohito that "the plan left to us by Emperor Meiji" was first to conquer Manchuria and Mongolia, then to occupy China, then to "crush the United States," and finally to subjugate all Asia "in order to conquer the world." In reality, according to knowledgeable courtiers, Tanaka warned Hirohito that military conquest of Manchuria, Mongolia, and China would lead inevitably to war with the United States and that Japan could not win such a war unless she had already gained economic control of Asia's raw materials and factories.}

SECTION XVII

MEMORANDUM CONCERNING EXCLUSION OF JAPANESE FROM THE UNITED STATES

(Prepared by Carl L. W. Meyer of the Library of Congress)

THE MORRIS-SHIDEHARA NEGOTIATIONS IN WASHINGTON

Those conversations were carried on with earnestness. Both Mr. Morris and myself desired nothing else so much as a solution of the Americano-Japanese racial problem satisfactory to both parties. Our discussions were without any feeling except the feeling of mutual respect and friendship. It was said that the problem turned upon the assimilability or unassimilability of the Japanese as members of the American social community. Touching this question Mr. Morris and I agreed that there had not been time enough to determine whether the Japanese were or were not assimilable in America, as the British and the Scandinavians, for instance, have proved to be in that country. It has been scarcely more than a quarter of a century -- the Morris-Shidehara conversations took place 5 or 6 years ago -- since the Japanese entered America in appreciable numbers. There had not been time to tell whether they would or would not turn out good Americans. We agreed that a practicable plan would be virtually to stop further Japanese immigration in America until the Japanese already there could be given a chance to demonstrate their quality in respect of assimilation into the general American social body. At this point I emphasized what I deemed a substantial condition, namely, that while the test was proceeding every encouragement be given the Japanese in America to adopt the American standpoint and way of life if they could. * * *

My point of view, as expressed to Mr. Morris, was that America, in dealing with her Japanese population, well might consider our mistake respecting a certain part of our population. It seemed to me, and I so stated, that an attitude of sympathy, of welcome, of invitation to assimilation, might yield a result diametrically different from that of an attitude of coldness or persecution or ostracism. * * *

Your Ambassador, Mr. Morris, raised two points in criticism of conditions in Japan relative to the relations of America and this country. He liked neither our law of nationality nor our law of property, affecting aliens. At that time a Japanese subject, wherever born, remained a Japanese subject in the view of Japanese law unless and until such subject, by his own act, renounced his Japanese citizenship and adopted another. Now, under American law, a person born in America becomes an American citizen without any act of his own -- acquires American citizenship automatically by virtue of birth in the country. It followed therefore, that American-born Japanese inherited two citizenships, Japanese and American. Mr. Morris objected to this dual allegiance, and his objection seemed to me reasonable. His position concerning our law of property I also felt able to regard not unfavorably. On my return to Japan, and on becoming minister for foreign affairs, I recommended to the diet an alteration of our laws of nationality and property in accordance with the point of view urged upon me by Mr. Morris. My recommendation prevailed. Our laws were changed. As to Japanese emigration to the United States, we stopped it in conformity with the terms of the "gentlemen's agreement."

For a period of some months Mr. Morris, who represented the United States in Japan, and Baron Shidehara, the Japanese Ambassador here, were engaged in many meetings for the purpose of seeing whether they could arrive at some conclusion which could be reported to their respective Governments.

I happen to be familiar with what occurred under the previous administration. I claim no familiarity with what has since transpired ; but I happen to know that after months of negotiation Mr. Morris and Baron Shidehara united in a report, a report wholly unsatisfactory to the people whom I represent, but a report that is on file now in the State Department concerning the matters which had occurred between the Japanese Empire on the one hand and the United States on the other, arising out of the alien land laws of this country, and arising out of the question of Japanese immigration.

AMBASSADOR HANIHARA'S LETTER OF APRIL 10, 1924, AND ITS EFFECT UPON THE UNITED STATES SENATE

No alien ineligible to citizenship shall be admitted to the United States unless such alien (1) is admissible as a non-quota immigrant under the provisions of subdivisions (b), (d), or (g) of section 4; or (2) is the wife or unmarried child under 18 years of age, of an immigrant admissible under such subdivision (d), and is accompanying or following to join him; or (3) is not an immigrant as defined in section 3.

It is needless to add that it is not the intention of the Japanese Government to question the sovereign right of any country to regulate immigration to its own territories. Nor is it their desire to send their nationals to the countries where they are not wanted. On the contrary, the Japanese Government showed from the very beginning of this problem their perfect willingness to cooperate with the United States Government to effectively prevent, by all honorable means, the entrance into the United States of such Japanese nationals as are not desired by the United States, and have given ample evidence thereof, the facts of which are well known to your Government. To Japan the question is not one of expediency but of principle. To her the mere fact that a few hundreds or thousands of her nationals will or will not be admitted into the domains of other countries is immaterial so long as no question of national susceptibilities is involved. The important question is whether Japan, as a nation, is or is not entitled to the proper respect and consideration of other nations. In other words, the Japanese Government asks of the United States Government simply that proper consideration ordinarily given by one nation to the self-respect of another, which, after all, forms the basis of amicable international intercourse throughout the civilized world.

It is, indeed, impossible for my Government and people, and I believe it would be impossible also for your Government and for those of your people who had made a careful study of the subject, to understand why it should be necessary for your country to enact, as the law of the land, such a clause as section 12 (b) of the House immigration bill.

As is justly pointed out in your letter of February 8, 1924, to the chairman of the House Committee on Immigration, it is idle to insist that the provision is not aimed at the Japanese, for the proposed measure (sec. 25) continues in force your existing legislation regulating Chinese immigration and the barred-zone provisions of your immigration laws which prohibit immigration from certain other portions of Asia, to say nothing about the public statements of the sponsors and supporters of that particular provision as to its aim. In other words, the manifest object of the said section 12 (b) is to single out Japan as a nation, stigmatizing them as unworthy and undesirable in the eyes of the American people. * * *

Relying upon the confidence you have been good enough to show me at all times, I have stated or rather repeated all this to you very candidly and in a most friendly spirit, for I realize, as I believe you do, the grave consequences which the enactment of the measure retaining that particular provision would inevitably bring upon the otherwise happy and mutually advantageous relations between our two countries.

Accept, sir, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.

Mr. President, I do not intend to say anything at all upon this amendment affecting the exclusion of Japanese immigrants beyond a few words that I said when the doors were closed; but as the session has been made open, and the subject brought up in open session, I think it proper that I should state very briefly what I said behind closed doors.

I have always been very friendly to the Japanese people. I have tried to do everything in my power to promote good relations between their country and ours. I think that may be said to have been shown in the negotiation of the treaties of the Washington conference. I had intended to do all in my power to make the legislation in the present bill as easy for them and for their feelings as possible. But, Mr. President, the question of immigration -- and I am only about to repeat what has been often said -- is perhaps the greatest of fundamental sovereign rights. If a country cannot say who shall come into the country, it has ceased to be a sovereign country; it has become a subject country.

Mr. President, I regret to say that the letter addressed to our State Department by the ambassador from Japan seems to me a letter improper to be addressed by the representative of one great country to another friendly country. It contains 1 regret much to say, a veiled threat. Now, Mr. President, the United States cannot legislate by the exercise of any other country of veiled threats. Owing to this, what we are now doing assumes the character of an international precedent; and I think it should be understood, and understood by the whole world, that the United States alone is to say who shall come into the United States to form part of its citizenship. What our country determines as to its immigration is neither a just cause of offense nor a subject for war or threats of war. It is an undoubted sovereign right and nothing else. * * *

The letter of the Japanese ambassador, Mr. President, has created a situation which makes it impossible for me to support the pending amendment. * * * I never will consent to establish any precedent which will give any nation the right to think that they can stop by threats or by compliments the action of the United States when it determines who shall come within its gates and become part of its citizenship. That is a decision which belongs to the United States alone, and from that decision there can be no appeal.

We felt, further, that the restriction of Japanese immigration could best be accomplished by combining the "gentlemen's agreement" with a very rigid quota law which would hold down the number of Japanese to the minimum, for at the same time we would thus get the cooperation of the Japanese Government in applying that quota law.

I think the situation has changed. I think it ceases to be a question whether this is a desirable method of restricting Japanese immigration. The letter of the Japanese ambassador puts the unpleasant burden upon us of deciding whether we will permit our legislation to be controlled by apprehensions of grave consequences with other nations if we do not follow a particular line of legislative conduct. I, for one, feel compelled, on account of that veiled threat, to vote in favor for the exclusion and against the committee amendment.

I say that with deep regret, because I believe that this action, which is forced upon us, means the waste of much of the results of 20 years of excellent diplomacy. It means the waste of much of the good feeling that followed the ratification of the four-power treaty and it means a loss of part of the good relations that followed the prompt and friendly action of America after the Japanese earthquake of last year. When I vote against the committee amendment I expect to do so with a sad heart.

I was not for this amendment even before we received the remarkable communication from the Japanese ambassador. I spoke against the so-called gentlemen's agreement several days ago. I think of all the important questions in America none can transcend in importance the question of immigration. In the present condition in America and the conditions in the world of all questions the most important is the question of immigration.

This question of immigration with Japan has been a disturbing factor for a great many years. We made concession after concession to Japan, but we seem not to have been able to settle the difference. I have great respect for Japan as a nation and its citizens have many admirable qualities. I wish nothing for that nation but prosperity and progress and I have for them great good will. But whatever might be my feeling for Japan I have a higher respect, a deeper regard for the rights of my own country. I for one will never consent that the question of immigration in America shall be decided or administered by any outside influence. We have the right to determine who shall and who shall not come to this country. We concede to Japan the same right to determine who shall and who shall not come to their country. We assume no right that we do not willingly concede to Japan.

If we are going to exclude Japanese immigrants---

let us exclude them because it is the wholesome thing, the right thing, the just thing to do for the United States and for the American people, and let us not make the letter of the Japanese Ambassador the pretext for our action here today in defending the amendment of the committee or in adopting the amendment of the Senator from California.

PRESIDENT COOLIDGE, THE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE, AND THE COMMITTEE REPORTS

Provided, however, That the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to the nationals of those countries which the United States, after the enactment of this act shall have entered into treaties by and with the advice and consent of the Senate afor the restriction of immigration.

(b) On and after March 1, 1926, no alien ineligible to citizenship shall be admitted to the United States unless such alien (1) is admissible as a non-quota immigrant under the provisions of subdivision (b), (d), or (g) of section 4, or (2) is the wife, or the unmarried child under 18 years of age, of an immigrant admissible under such subdivisions (d), and is accompanying or following to join him, or (3) is not an immigrant as defined in section 3: Provided, however, That the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to the nationals of those countries with which the United States, after the enactment of this act, shall have entered into treaties by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for the restriction of immigration.

Provided, That this subdivision shall not take effect as to exclusion until March 1, 1925, before which time the President is requested to negotiate with the Japanese Government in relation to the abrogation of the present arrangement on this subject.

Immigration is purely a domestic question, solely within the control of Congress through its legislative power, the President having no control save and except in vetoing or approving legislative acts. The President of the United States has no constitutional authority or right with reference to legislative matters, except by advice, by message to the Congress, or by action of approval or disapproval of final legislative action, and therefore a transfer of the control of the immigration to the United States to the treaty-making power excludes the House of Representatives from any right or control of the terms of said treaty, is contrary to our form of Government, and a yielding of the rights of the House to deal with immigration hereafter. This must not be. * * * The President has no power to enter into a treaty in regard to immigration whereby he may say that a foreign country can determine whom to consult as to how immigration shall come to this country, because it is the yielding of sovereign power. The American people alone have the power to say who shall come and who shall stay away, and not under any circumstances to take into consideration the voice of the foreign country. If they did, we have yielded, we have waived the sovereign right of a sovereign nation to stand for itself.

Motion by Mr. Sabath to recommit the bill to the committee of conference, with instructions to the conferees on the part of the House not to agree to the proviso reported in the bill submitted by the conference committee, beginning in line 2, page 24, and reading as follows: "Provided, That this subdivision shall not take effect as to the exclusion until March 1, 1925, before which time the President is requested to negotiate with the Japanese Government in relation to the abrogation of the present arrangement on this subject."

as amended and extended, shall, notwithstanding its expiration on June 30, 1924, remain in force thereafter for the imposition, collection, and enforcement of all penalties that may have accrued thereunder, and any alien who prior to July 1, 1924, may have entered the United States in violation of such act or regulations made thereunder may be deported in the same manner as if such act had not expired.

SEC. 31. (a) Sections 2, 8, 13, 14, 15, and 16, and subdivision (f) of section 11, shall take effect on July 1, 1924, except that immigration visas and permits may be issued prior to that date, which shall not be valid for admission to the United States before July 1, 1924. In the case of quota immigrants of any nationality, the number of immigration visas to be issued prior to July 1, 1924, shall not be in excess of 10 per centum of the quota of such nationality, and the number of immigration visas shall be deducted from the number which may tie issued during the month of July 1924. In the case of immigration visas issued before July 1, 1924, the four-month period referred to in subdivision (c) of section 2 shall begin to run on July 1, 1924, instead of at the time of the issuance of the immigration visa.

(b) The remainder of this Act shall take effect upon its enactment.

(c) If any alien arrives in the United States before July 1, 1924, his right to admission shall be determined without regard to the provisions of this Act, except section 23.

APPROVAL OF THE IMMIGRATION BILL BY THE PRESIDENT AND MEMORANDUM CONCERNING THE SAME

In signing this bill, which in its main features, I heartily approve, I regret the impossibility of severing from it the exclusion provision which, in the light of existing law, affects especially the Japanese.

I gladly recognize that the enactment of this provision does not imply any change in our sentiment of admiration and cordial friendship for the Japanese people, a sentiment which has had and will continue to have abundant manifestation.

The bill rather expresses the determination of the Congress to exercise its prerogative in defining by legislation the control of immigration instead of leaving it to international arrangements. It should be noted that the bill exempts from the exclusion provision government officials, those coming to this country as tourists or temporarily for business or pleasure, those in transit, seamen, those already resident here and returning from temporary absences, professors, ministers of religion, students, and those who enter solely to carry on trade in pursuance of existing treaty provisions.

But we have had for many years an understanding with Japan by which the Japanese Government has voluntarily undertaken to prevent the emigration of laborers to the United States, and in view of this historic relation and of the feeling which inspired it, it would have been much better in my judgment, and more effective in the actual control of immigration, if we had continued to invite the cooperation which Japan was ready to give and had thus avoided creating any ground for misapprehension by an unnecessary statutory agreement.

That course would not have derogated from the authority of the Congress to deal with the question in any exigency requiring its action. There is scarcely any ground for disagreement as to the result we want, but this method of securing it is unnecessary and deplorable at this time.

If the exclusion provision stood alone I should disapprove it without hesitation, if sought in this way at this time. But this bill is a comprehensive measure dealing with the whole subject of immigration and setting up the necessary administrative machinery. The present Quota Act, of 1921, will terminate on June 30 next. It is of great importance that a comprehensive measure should take its place, and that the arrangements for its administration should be provided at once in order to avoid hardship and confusion.

I must therefore consider the bill as a whole, and the imperative need of the country for legislation of this general character. For this reason the bill is approved.

SENATOR JOHNSON'S SPEECH IN THE SENATE ON EXCLUSION

The design, of course, of the amendment that has been presented, Mr. President, is to strike out first the words now in lines 7 and 8 of page 5 of the bill in order that we may eliminate, if we can, the gentlemen's agreement or gentlemen's agreements which may now exist between this country and other countries, and then specifically provide for those who may be admissible under the bill.

The question is far greater than a question of a particular or specific locality. It is, in my opinion, a question fundamental in its scope. It involves, indeed, the exercise of the power which unquestionably rests in the Congress of the United States and the power which any nation of necessity must have in relation to its immigration problems. It has been said so often that it is quite trite to repeat it that immigration is a domestic question; that it is, indeed, the right of any nation for itself to determine who may come within its borders, and particularly it is the prerogative of the Congress of the United States to decree what it may see fit concerning immigration.

Those who come from the territory from which I come have been for many years in the past acutely interested in the immigration problem in one aspect, and, of course, in the immigration problem in its larger aspect, too. We have had in existence, as has been stated upon the floor here, a gentlemen's agreement with Japan, the design of which was to prevent the coming of laborers into the territory of the West, and to preclude the economic difficulties which subsequently might arise from immigration of those who are unassimilable in character, and who constantly, continuously, and forever owe their allegiance to a foreign power. For some reason that I never have been able wholly to fathom, the United States Government yielded its right to determine the character of its immigration from the Japanese Empire as it has yielded it in the case of no other nation. In respect to every other country our Government not only has tenaciously held to the right but has jealously guarded the right of determining who could come, in what numbers, and in every particular has insisted that our Government alone should be the sole judge; and a fundamental proposition it will be obvious that a nation must guard this right, or a nation yields at once its jurisdiction and its control over that which peculiarly is its own province.

In the instance in respect to Japan, yielding perhaps to a pride or presumption asserted by no other land, we entered into what was termed the gentlemen's agreement. Those of us who have eyes and may see, who are residents of California, know that the gentlemen's agreement has not been effective. In my own experience, it required no taking of a census either by the Federal authorities or by those representing Japan, as a census was taken at one time, nor does it require the activities of the board of control of the State of California, as evidenced in their report of a year or two ago upon the number of Japanese in our State, to know what has transpired.

In the city in which I was born, for instance, Mr. President, the city of Sacramento, when I left there a quarter of a century ago there probably was no part of that city distinctly Japanese at all. When I returned there as Governor of California some years later some blocks had been acquired by Japanese, and in late years a thriving part of the city has been devoted for very many blocks to the Japanese residents of that particular community; all this in spite of the fact that a gentlemen's agreement presumably was in force which precluded the possibility of a large influx of Japanese.

When I was a lad I recall, sir, that the territory surrounding the city of Sacramento was devoted to farms which furnished adequate living and occupation to many of our race; farms where the produce of all northern California, indeed, was brought to the cities for distribution. In later years as a fact I observed that the produce of northern California, ninety-odd percent of it, was brought into the city of Sacramento and into adjacent cities by Japanese farmers, and that the lands which had furnished happy homes to thousands of our people had been acquired by Japanese agriculturists. The evidence is plenary to the eye -- it requires nothing more with one familiar with the situation -- that the influx has been continuous, constantly increasing, and that the gentlemen's agreement has not worked at all. It is perfectly obvious, it seems to me, that when a country resigns its right to control those who are to come into it from, another country, pressure necessarily will be brought by the residents of that other country upon their officials, so that the administration of any agreement thus intrusted to any foreign power will be lax, and will not be of the sort that we desire.

We have had the opportunity of contrast between the exercise of the policy by the Government itself in an exclusion law and the administration of a policy by a foreign country that has exactly the same design. We have the Chinese exclusion law under which, because of the enactment of the Congress of the United States, the number of Chinese has constantly decreased. We have the gentlemen's agreement, where Japan exercised the original right, under which the Japanese inhabitants of our territory have constantly increased.

Fundamentally, therefore, our country ought to pursue the policy in respect to immigration in regard to the Japanese that it has pursued in respect to every other country. We have relinquished our sovereignty in this regard to only one country -- ^that is, Japan -- and if the question, therefore, were merely academic, there ought to be no doubt, it seems to me, in regard to the adoption of the amendment that has been suggested.

Another aspect of the amendment that is appealing, too, is that it maintains the naturalization laws and the naturalization policy of our country. To enact the language that has been suggested by the bill would be not only an abrogation of our immigration policy but a nullification, too, of our naturalization policy; and the naturalization policy that is suggested by the amendment refers to no one race, but refers only to those who are ineligible to citizenship, and the language employed is the language employed by the naturalization laws themselves. We seek, Mr. President, no discrimination by the amendment against Japan. What is sought, if the amendment be no agreed to, is a discrimination against the United States of America, and it is the latter that we would prevent if we could, by the amendment.

That you may not think that we ask something that is not justified and warranted by the facts, I do not recite at length the history of the gentlemen's agreement, but I recall just one phase. of it, and that is that when the gentlemen's agreement originally was adopted it was stated with clarity and agreed to by all that if it were not effective an exclusion policy would be adopted by this country by congressional enactment, and that exclusion policy would be similar to that which had been adopted so far as the Chinese were concerned. The time has arrive when the demonstration is absolute that the gentlemen's agreement does not prohibit; and because it does not prohibit we have reached the stage that was agreed originally, that if it did not prohibit we would enact, under the policy that we have ever pursued and the power that exists in the Government, a law which would be essential to carry out the original design of the gentlemen's agreement.

I have stated as briefly as I could the purposes of the amendment. There is no purpose in it to be offensive to any nation. The policy has offended no nation thus far, and the policy suggested is that which has been adopted with respect to every nation on the face of the earth save one; and in our opinion there can be no legitimate reason for making the exception in the one instance and the rule applicable in every other instance.

If it be asserted at all that what is asked by us is in conflict with the treaty that has been entered into of 1911, I call attention to pages 2 to 6 of the House committee report, demonstrating conclusively that the language employed is language which has been suggested to avoid the very idea of conflict with the treaty, and that it makes the particular amendment conform entirely to our treaty.

Upon every consideration we insist, therefore -- considerations that you may assert to be local in character, but which I deny, because the question is broader than that; considerations of carrying our the definite policy concerning naturalization; considerations of carrying out as well the policy we have adopted with every other nation concerning immigration; above and beyond that, the consideration of having the prerogative that exists in the Congress of the United States exercised in the place where it ought to be exercised, the Congress of the United States -- the amendment ought to be adopted.

ORIGIN OF EXCLUSION POLICY

is an incident of the sovereign right to expel or exclude objectionable aliens. The exercise of the power in a particular country is governed by the constitution and laws. In the United States it belongs to the National Government, as part of its power to regulate commerce. * * * The plenary power of the legislative branch of the Government to provide for the exclusion of aliens applies to those who have acquired a domicile in the United States, as well as to those who have not.

persons who are natives of islands not possessed by the United States adjacent to the Continent of Asia * * * or who are natives of any country, province, or dependenty situate on the Continent of Asia, as specified by the Act of 1917 (39 Statutes at Large 876, sec. 3). Section 9 of this act also provided that it shall be unlawful for any transportation company, or the owner, master, agent, or consignee of any vessel to bring to the United States "any alien who is excluded by the terms of section 3 of this act as a native of that portion of the Continent of Asia and the islands adjacent thereto described in said section.'' (39 Statutes at Large 881)

Subsection (c) of section 13 of the act aims to correct the situation which has been hereinbefore described by providing that no alien ineligible to citizenship shall be admitted to the United States; that is to say, although the Japanese have figured almost exclusively in the controversy over this section, its provisions apply to a population amounting to perhaps a billion of people, of which the inhabitants of Japan comprise barely threescore millions. However, when the exceptions to this provision are carefully examined, it will be observed that the substance and clear intent of the gentlemen's agreement are embodied in the statute; that is to say, (1) an alien ineligible for citizenship previously lawfully admitted to the United States returning from a temporary visit abroad may be admitted; (2) an immigrant ineligible for citizenship who continuously, for at least 2 years immediately preceding the time of his application for admission to the United States, has been and is seeking to enter the United States solely for the purpose of carrying on the vocation of minister of any religious denomination or professor of a college, academy, seminary, or university and his wife and unmarried children under 18 years of age if accompanying or following to join him, may be admitted; or (3) an immigrant ineligible for citizenship who is bona fide student at least 15 years of age and seeks to enter the United States solely for the purpose of study at an accredited school, college, academy, seminary, or university particularly designated by him and approved by the Secretary of Labor may be admitted. These provisions are the exemptions provided for in subsections (b), (d), and (e) of section 4. Finally, more important than these classes of persons is that group defined in subsection (6) of section 3 of the act, which entitles Japanese or any of the people to whom the provisions of the section apply, who desire to enter the United States solely to carry on trade under and in pursuance of the provisions of a present existing treaty of commerce and navigation, to admission at our ports.

A careful consideration of the provisions described in the preceding paragraph makes it clear that the essential difference between the situation as it existed prior to the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and what may be expected to eventuate now that the law has gone into effect, lies in the fact that the United States Government will now determine the qualifications of any individual ineligible for citizenship seeking admission into the United States; that is to say, the responsibility for a determination of the eligibility and good faith of such persons to enter regardless of the country of their origin, will be determined by the American consul at the point of departure for our shores, and by the immigration inspectors at the ports of entry of the United States.

PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT ON EXCLUSION

Whereas, by the Act entitled "An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States," approved February 20, 1907, whenever the President is satisfied that passports issued by any foreign government to its citizens to go to any country other than the United States or to any insular possession of the United States or to the canal zone, are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the continental territory of the United States to the detriment of labor conditions therein, it is made the duty of the President to refuse to permit such citizens of the country issuing such passports to enter the continental territory of the United States from such country or from such insular possession or from the canal zone;

And whereas, upon sufficient evidence produced before me by the department of commerce and labor, I am satisfied that passports issued by the government of Japan to citizens of that country or Korea and who are laborers, skilled or unskilled, to go to Mexico, to Canada, and to Hawaii, are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders thereof to come to the continental territory of the United States to the detriment of labor conditions therein;

I hereby order that such citizens of Japan or Korea, to wit: Japanese or Korean laborers, skilled and unskilled, who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii, and come therefrom, be refused permission to enter the continental territory of the United States.

It is further ordered that the Secretary of Commerce and Labor be, and hereby is, directed to take, through the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, such measures and to make and enforce such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry this order into effect.

UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN SENATOR FLINT, CONGRESSMAN KAHN, HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE, AND PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT CONCERNING ANTI-JAPANESE LEGISLATION IN CALIFORNIA

Accept my heartiest thanks and congratulations for the great service you have rendered on behalf of the people of the United States. I thank the people of California and their representatives in the legislature.

Accept my heartiest congratulations. All good Americans appreciate what you have done. Pray extend my congratulations individually to all who aided you. I feel the way in which California has done what was right for the Nation makes it more than ever obligatory to safeguard the interests of California. All that I can do to this end either in public or private shall most certainly be done.

* * * I gave it (my interview on the Japanese question) at the request of the President (Roosevelt), because he said that the Republican Senators and Congressmen would not stand by him if it was going to be a partisan question in California politics. So I said that I would give the value of my name and influence to the support of his policy, so that Flint, Kahn, et. al. could quote me as against any attack by the Democrats. The President has done great work for the coast. * * *

RESOLUTION OF SENATOR REED (DECEMBER 7, 1926) AND SENATOR COPELAND'S BILL CONCERNING THE EXCLUSION OF HINDUS OR OTHER ASIATICS

There is now a bill before Congress, introduced by Senator Copeland, which proposes to amend section 2169 of the Revised Statutes by enumerating the races whose members shall be deemed "white persons" within the meaning of this section. Among the races specified is the Hindu race. The Chinese, Japanese, and other Asiatic races, however, are not included. At its recent convention in Detroit, the American Federation of Labor adopted a resolution endorsing the Copeland bill and instructing its executive council to use its efforts to have the bill enacted into law.

SECTION XVIII

MEMORANDUM ON STATEHOOD FOR HAWAII

DISTRIBUTION OF RACIAL STOCKS OR NATIONALITIES

HAWAII THE GREAT DEFENSE POST OF AMERICA

JAPANESE AGGRESSION AND IMMIGRATION PRIOR TO ANNEXATION

POST-ANNEXATION PROPAGANDA

The Advertiser on October 9 printed an editorial defining its policy on statehood. Among other topics the Japanese-language schools were discussed. No criticism was offered the usual functions of a language or private school. Knowledge of Japanese is an asset in anyone's education. Knowledge of the language, history, culture, and progress of Japan is particularly an asset to every American-Japanese in Hawaii. They have every right to conduct these schools.

What the Advertiser contends is that teaching in the Japanese schools goes beyond the surface curriculum. No fault could be found in a translation of the textbooks used. Washington, Lincoln, and other historic figures in our national life have their place in the schoolroom. But another strain of thought is subtly conveyed by alien teachers not in accordance with American ideals set forth in the Japanese-language-school textbooks. That is the Advertiser's firm conviction as expressed last week. It is just as strong today. Such alien teaching in talks and contacts with young American-Japanese has a tendency to place Japan before the United States, to build up Japanese national spirit, a conflict bewildering to pupils in the formative stages of their education and harmful to undivided loyalty.

The Japanese Education Association of Hawaii, which manages the Japanese-language schools of the Territory, in a statement to the newspapers of Honolulu takes exception to the Advertiser editorial. This association is largely if not altogether alien. A high percentage of its teachers is alien. With it rests the opportunity of allaying all suspicion of a lack of thorough Americanism, by employing Japanese-American teachers. Japanese-language schools undoubtedly then would come out from under the cloud that hangs over them under the present organization and meet with the approval of those qualified to criticize.

Chief objection of the Hawaii Kyoiku Kai was leveled at the following paragraph in the Advertiser editorial:

"While the Japanese-language schools and the Buddhist temples which are closely allied with them face a steadv decline in attendance with the advent of second, third, and other generations to come, of children born in Hawaii, nevertheless it does not take a very deep thinking man to see how these students who are taught the ideals of George Washington in the morning and loyalty to the Imperial Government of Japan in the afternoon, might become extremely confused, not only as to their loyalties, but as to their own ideals."

The viewpoint expressed above was born of similar sentiment proclaimed by leaders in education, government, and religion, record publications, official statistics, letters, and authorized statements. They speak for themselves, perhaps not as directly in some instances, but in all without equivocation as to their meaning and warning.


On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Japanese immigration to Hawaii, the Paradise Times, published in the interest of the New Americans and sponsored among others by the publisher of the Nippu Jiji, says editorially:

"Today Japanese in Hawaii are displaying Japanese spirit in full color. This may be the reaction of the rise of nationalism in Japan. Many of the Japanese schools have become Japanized. Imperial rescript is boldly read and taught in some of the schools. Some teachers have openly declared they are teaching Japanese spirit through the medium of the Japanese language."

The Reverend Takie Okumura, in delivering the welcoming address to the eighth annual conference of New Americans, held in 1934, from June 18 to June 23 at Fuller hall, said:

"The suspicion against the language schools is steadily growing. In the Nippu Jiji of March 27, 1934, Shinryu Umehara, a Buddhist priest, who made an extensive lecture tour of Hawaii and Pacific Coast States, said: 'I am profoundly impressed at the great place of the Japanese-language schools and the Buddhist temples in the Japanese community. They are a hotbed of racial consciousness, Japanese culture and spirit, etc.'

"By his statement Umehara put his O. K. on the suspicion of the American people. When we think of all these facts, can we not believe that the clouds of gloom are growing thicker?"

And further along in his address. Rev. Mr. Okumura says:

"Today the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction, and the Japanese community seems to be Japanized more and more. Since its victory in the Supreme Court, the language schools are beginning to display the real color of Japanism. We Japanese are to be blamed for strengthening the suspicion and misunderstandings against the citizens of Japanese ancestry."


Then came the ninth annual conference of New Americans, held at Fuller hall from July 15 to July 20, 1935, and the Reverend Takie Okumura, sending a message to the conference, said in part:

"They (citizens) must be unadulterated in their loyalty to their country, and for their country they must be willing to sacrifice everything. * * * Today Hawaii is seeking to become a member of the Union. American citizens of Japanese ancestry must realize that their loyalty and their actions have an important bearing on the whole question of statehood. They must show more willingness to put aside everything that hinders Hawaii in her aspiration, and prove definitely that they are real American citizens."

On Friday, July 19, there was a round-table discussion during the sessions of the New Americans at Fuller hall on The New Outlook for Statehood for Hawaii. Senator Joseph R. Farrington presided. An excerpt from the report of the discussions follows:

"The real crux of the whole question of statehood, said several delegates, is the attitude and actions of the American citizens of Oriental ancestry. They must demonstrate in every possible way that they are ready to take their place as loyal American citizens."

Senator Farrington, who is general manager of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, concerning a recent survey relating to Japanese schools said:

"I would not care to express any views about Japanese schools in Hawaii without having more information about them than I have at the present time."


Oren E. Long, superintendent of the department of public instruction, queried on the same subject, replied by letter as follows:

"The whole question of the language schools will doubtless remain a controversial issue for a good many years.

"I am familiar with opinions expressed some years ago by a number of public school leaders and university professors. They agreed that the language schools are not at present a particular detriment to the best development of the community. At the same time I think that each of these educational leaders looks forward to the day when the schools will be eliminated."

"My own opinion is that all these schools have a direct bearing on Hawaii's standing before the American bar of public opinion, and for this reason I should like to see them eliminated."

Setsuechi Aoki, general secretary of the Society of International Cultural Relations, with headquarters in Japan, taking cognizance of Hawaii, is quoted as saying in Tokyo, November, 1934:

"For several years the school heads in Hawaii and America, with the aid of many influential educators and missionaries, made a survey of American textbooks for the Japanese society. The survey revealed that if proper propaganda is systematically carried out in the schools, the American children will become strong friends of Japan."


A well known American mission worker (Dr. Frye) was recently quoted as follows:

"My personal view favors the right of Japanese parents in Hawaii to teach their children the Japanese language, but I regret that many of the Japanese schools * * * emphasize racial consciousness and Japanese loyalty and culture in such a manner that the second generation of Japanese are hampered in their preparations for American citizenship.

"It is my opinion that the greatest stumbling block to the progress of the Japanese-language schools in Hawaii would be removed if they had no connection whatsoever with the Buddhist religion. The fact that these schools are maintained for purposes other than mastery of the language, presents a difficulty and a spirit of intolerance in communities where Buddhist priests are the controlling influence. This kind of thing may be all right for Japan but in my opinion it is unfortunate in America."


The Reverend Albert W. Palmer, D. D., at one time minister of Central Union Church, wrote a book entitled "The Human Side of Hawaii." Discussing some of the problems relating to Japanese residents and their place in the social community. Dr. Palmer on page 111 said:

"The language school problem is complicated, then, by extremists on both sides. On the Japanese side there is doubtless a subtle but indefinite and hidden influence on the part of the Buddhist organization. The Buddhist and the Shinto priests and temples are natural centers of nationalistic sentiment on the part especially of the older, non-speaking and un-Americanized Japanese. Since the Japanese language is the language of Buddhism and English is the language of Christianity, it would be only natural that conservative Buddhist influence should deplore any weakening of the language school system. At the same time this influence, in the nature of things, is never expressed openly and remains subtle, hidden, imponderable."

It has been stated from time to time, officially and semiofficially, that leading Japanese in Hawaii have been educated with the help of Prince Fushimi's scholarship fund, administered by His Imperial Highness Prince Fushimi's Scholarship association of Japan. There is also another organization known as the Institute of Overseas Peoples Education, controlled by the Japanese Foreign Office bureau. Concerning the influence of this latter association, one has a quotation from Viscount Ishii's speech, published in the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, at Osaka, Japan, July 2, 1934:

"The Institute of Overseas Peoples Education is an organization for infusing the Japanese spirit into the second generation of Japanese abroad and founded in response to persistent requests from the Japanese living in foreign countries.

"In other words, Japanese abroad even when they acquire wealth cannot come home, even if they wanted to, on account of their children. Leave the second generation in the land of their residence, but don't let them forget the Japanese spirit. It is this way. In buying, select Japanese goods; in voting, cast the ballot for politicians friendly to Japanese."


In a letter to the chairman of the subcommittee on statehood, now conducting hearings in Hawaii, John F. G. Stokes said:

"This morning the Honorable Wilfred C. Tsukiyama was put forward by the powerful local pro-statehood committee as the shining example of Hawaii's New Americans of Japanese ancestry * * *. Mr. Tsukiyama has always been regarded as an able man, and his abilities and capabilities have never been questioned. May I beg you to receive the enclosed three sheets of extracts as a compendium of Mr. Tsukiyama's replies to my questions, and further ask you to transmit them with this letter to Mr. Tsukiyama for his comment or otherwise. I have no desire to speak behind his back.

"Mr. Tsukiyama denied (1) that his mainland scholarship was from the Fushimi fund; (2) that he knew the contributors (or their names) of the local fund which financed him, and (3) that there was pro-Japanese propaganda in the Japanese language schools. According to the extracts, which give their authority, all such denials are shown to be false.

"It was stated by the Honolulu Times and not denied that Mr. Tsukiyama, when a dual citizen and holding public office in the city and county, made in public some insulting remarks on Admiral Stirling. The Japanese consul sent for Mr. Tsukiyama and told him that the Imperial Japanese Government would not permit a Japanese citizen to speak so of a high officer of a friendly nation. Mr. Tsukiyama was given the option of apologizing to Admiral Stirling, or of expatriation. The latter was chosen."


Stokes then quotes his extracts from the Nippu Jiji, issue of April 28, 1934, as follows:

"Dr. Iga Mori was reelected chairman of the Prince Fushimi memorial scholarship society at the twenty-seventh annual meeting of the organization yesterday afternoon at the headquarters of the Honolulu Japanese Chamber of Commerce.

"Other officers, all of whom were also reelected, include: vice chairman, the Reverend Takie Okumura; secretary, Gerijin Tatsutani; treasurer, Daizo Sumida, and directors, Yasutaro Soga, Dr. Tomizo Katsunma, Tokuji Onodera, Matsutaro Yamashiro, Wilfred C. Tsukiyama."

In another extract submitted by Stokes from the Nippu Jiji, issue of July 24, 1934, he quotes:

"In 1919, through donations by Fusanosuke Kuhara, Japanese millionaire, and other friends, scholarships were awarded every year (from the Fushimi scholarship fund) for the next several years to send local students to mainland universities. Among the recipients have been W. C. Tsukiyama, Tokitaro Susuki, Ernest K. Moriwake, Masaji Murumoto, and Clarence Y. Shimamura."


The language school situation, as taken from official records as of December 31, 1934, follows:


In all the islands there are 207 schools of which 183 are Japanese, 13 Chinese, and 11 Korean. They are distributed as follows: Hawaii, 60; Maui, 31; Oahu, 88; Kauai, 22; Molokai, 5, and Lanai, 1.


There are 784 teachers, of whom 496 are aliens, 288 citizens, and of whom 421 are males and 363 females. Their distribution is as follows: Hawaii, 178 of whom 127 are aliens, 51 citizens, and 95 males and 83 females; Oahu, 425, of whom 248 are aliens, 177 citizens, and 299 males, 196 females; Maui, 103, of whom 65 are aliens, 38 citizens, and 53 males, 50 females; Kauai, 66, of whom 45 are aliens, 21 citizens, and 26 males, 30 females; Molokai, 48, all aliens, and 3 of them females; Lanai, 4, 3 men, 1 woman, and all but 1 aliens.


On all the islands there is a total of 44,552 attending foreign-language schools, 41,192 attending Japanese schools, 2,714 attending Chinese schools, and 646 Korean. Of the pupils all but 190 are citizens and the sex proportion is 23,056 males and 21,496 females. The island distribution is as follows: Hawaii, 9,704, of whom all but 13 are citizens, and 4,917 males and 4,787 females; Maui, 6,316, of whom all but 18 are citizens, and 3,225 males and 3,091 females; Oahu, 23,806, of whom all but 149 are citizens, and 12,547 males and 11,259 females; Kauai, 4,068, all but 9 citizens, and 2,015 males and 2,053 females; Molokai, 329, all citizens, and 173 males, 156 females; Lanai, 329, all but 1 citizens, and 179 males and 150 females.


Out of 39,310 births of children of Japanese ancestry registered at the Japanese consulate since 1925, 17,825 registered to become Japanese subjects, taking advantage of dual citizenship.

The record by years follows: 1925 -- males, 744; females, 648; total, 1,392. In 1926 -- males, 1,842; females, 1,751; total, 3,593. In 1927 -- males, 1,530; females, 1,465; total, 2,995. In 1928 -- males, 1,582; females, 1,443; total, 3,025. In 1929 -- males, 889; females, 835; total, 1,724. In 1930 -- males, 681; females, 644; total, 1,325. In 1931 -- males, 611; females, 575; total, 1,188. In 1932 -- males, 490; females, 492: total, 982. In 1933 -- males, 449; females, 403; total, 825. In 1934 -- males, 407; females, 371; total, 778. Grand total, 17,825.

Since 1929 the public schools at the primary grades insist that all children who enter the elementary grade shall show a birth certificate. This, it is said, has had a far-reaching effect on parents in reducing registration of their children with the Japanese consulate.

From 1925 until 1934, 5,676 American citizens of Japanese ancestry have been expatriated from Japan. The year-by-year figures are: In 1925, 402 males; 85 females; total 487. In 1926, 430 males; 108 females; total, 538. In 1927, 285 males; 51 females; total, 336. In 1928, 234 males; 32 females; total, 266. In 1929, 205 males; 19 females; total, 226. In 1930, males, 218; females, 18; total, 236. In 1931, males, 261; females, 29; total, 290. In 1932, males, 902; females, 346; total, 1,248. In 1933, males, 1,204; females, 323; total, 1,527. In 1934, males, 484; females, 133; total, 614. Grand total, males, 4,624; females, 1,144; both males and females, 5,768.

It will be recalled that there was much agitation in 1932 and 1933 against dual citizenship, and the large increase in expatriation during the years, as shown by the tables, is believed to have resulted from that agitation.


Officers and directors of the Hawaii Kyoiku Kai are:


According to Koichi Harada in A Survey of the Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii, there were 40 schools in Honolulu last year. Eighty-eight percent of the 46,712 students attending the public schools in 1934 also attended the Japanese schools. In this survey Harada says that by a conservative estimate the Japanese language schools collect $500,000 annually. Other estimates place this figure as high as $800,000. This is exclusive of the cost of textbooks. These, Harada says, were originally prepared by scholars in Japan, but have been revised locally several times. They are still published by the Naigai Publishing Co. of Japan.

The Advertiser is quite willing to accept Mr. Sato's word for the fact that none of the textbooks used in the Japanese language schools contain derogatory or disloyal reference to America. Such crude methods could be too easily translated and would constitute too definite an indictment.

The written comments printed in this article of leading Japanese and leading Americans very definitely indicate that it is current belief that un-American propaganda is being subtly and consistently spread in the language schools.

If the directors of the Japanese language schools are really sincere in their desire to foster Americanism at the same time students are being taught Japanese why should they not be willing to have at least their directorate composed of American citizens instead of aliens, thereby definitely taking the first step in convincing their critics that the real purposes of the Japanese language school are sincere, above board and honest.

The advice of ex-Governor Judd, Oren E. Long, superintendent of public instruction, David L. Crawford, president of the University of Hawaii, and the Reverend Oganiura is unanimous to this end.

The community feels that Japanization at present plays a dominant part in the purpose of the language school.

The burden of proof as to the real purpose rests with you, Mr. Sato, and with the directors of Hawaii Kyoiku Kai.

This is an American territory. May you demonstrate that you are worthy of America's confidence and support.

---

During the session of the ninth annual conference of New Americans at Fuller Hall, in Honolulu, Lawrence M. Judd, former Governor, discussed "What New Americans Should Do." He spoke from the standpoint of a man born and reared in Hawaii, and from observations gained as Governor of the Territory and travel on the mainland. No other person in the Territory is more qualified to discuss territorial affairs than Lawrence M. Judd. He said:

"Speaking now of a subject that has been in my mind very often during the last few months, especially since I have seen the reaction of my audiences on my visit to the mainland, I urge that you give earnest thought to the language schools of Hawaii. They are a constant source of agitation against you. Their presence is a handicap you need not tolerate for long.

"The Japanese language schools should be eliminated as rapidly as possible and in their places should be set up efficient American schools to promote citizenship and understanding between the United States and Japan. This is something to which you should give serious consideration because you can do something about it. And the sooner you act the sooner all Hawaii and you New Americans will benefit."

---

Dr. D. L. Crawford, as president of the University of Hawaii, and observer of economic and educational trends, as well as needs, in the islands, was one of the principal speakers during the conference of New Americans in Honolulu this year. His subject was "The New Americans' Future." His advice was based, not on superficial knowledge, but on the experience of many years as an educator in the Territory. He said:

"Your concern rather, should be for yourselves lest you fail to achieve the place you desire in this American commonwealth because you listen too much to Japanese advice and not enough to Americans. I ask you as individuals: Are you primarily a member of the Japanese community or an American citizen of Hawaii? When you have to decide whether or not in some large or small detail you will modify your Japanese customs and ways, which has more influence upon your decision: the opinion of Japanese, or Americans?

"When a majority of our Americans of Japanese ancestry break away from the control in which Japanese public opinion now holds them, and if this declaration of independence is accompanied by a declaration of interdependence with all the citizens of Hawaii so that you will behave yourselves as good citizens, then we can be sure that we are on the road to true cooperation, and a splendid future lies just ahead for Hawaii."

---

The Nippu Jiji published on August 28, 1935, the rules governing a census of Japanese in Hawaii, starting September 10 under the supervision of the Japanese consulate in Honolulu. The census here is being conducted in connection with a Nation-wide census taking in Japan, and the Japanese consulate is being assisted by consular agents in rural Oahu and other islands, and by the United Japanese society of Honolulu.

Inquiry is made of all the so-called first generation, second generation and third generation who possess Japanese citizenship. Though Hawaiian-born, if he or she has reported the birth to the Japanese Government and thus obtained the Japanese citizenship, and since then has not been expatriated, it must be reported.

Under the caption of "Questionable Points," appears the following paragraph:

"This census is taken to determine the population and it is not connected in any way with information papers compiled for the government authorities. HENCE, ILLEGAL ENTRANTS NEED NOT BE AFRAID OF MAKING OUT THIS REPORT.

"A migrator, resident, or temporary traveler must all be recorded if he is present here on October 1, 1935."

Truly worthy of Mr. Fukunaga's skillful penmanship, it portrays the future war very well. I hope that, by this book, the readers will come to understand how important is air power in the national defense of today.

Mr. Fukunaga's "Future Japan-United States War Narration," having been written by a naval officer, as might be expected of them, is tremendously interesting, and I read it through without pausing.

As a story it is undoubtedly very interesting, but the thing I admire most is that, in spite of the years that have passed since Mr. Fukunaga left the Navy, he possesses such a complete knowledge of the ever-advancing Navy.

Therefore, this book is undoubtedly interesting to the general public as well as to the naval specialists, besides giving numerous good suggestions.

As one in the position of Chief of the Imperial Navy, I am not able to give a full account of the impressions I received, because the contents of the book are somewhat related to strategic secrets, which I regret very much.

However, I am able to say this much: If we can win like this it will be very pleasant. Moreover, if a man like Mr. Fukunaga were my chief of staff, as commander in chief I would feel very confident.

Do you mean to tell me that there is no need for "Japan-United States future war narration," just because the United States Fleet is about to leave the Pacific coast? Do you think that the fleet will be kept on the Atlantic once it gets back there?

Don't mistake a fleet for a fort. * * *

SECTION XIX

BACKGROUND OF THE JAPANESE PROBLEM IN CALIFORNIA AS OF SEPTEMBER 1941

They [American-born Japanese] must receive American education. But they remain Japanese and should be educated as Japanese in order to retain their Japanese virtues. For this purpose the semiofficial Migration Association keeps close connection with them.

A solid bloc of 25,000 votes is a factor which may decide in a close election. Inasmuch as we are a minority group, it may be wise thing to start making connections with those of other racial descendants, such as the colored people and the Chinese, and so forth. A concerted drive could then be launched to eliminate the numerous laws which have been enacted based on color lines.

The voters of oriental descent may number 25,000 Japanese and a few thousand Chinese. But the colored people have close to 100,000 voters. A coalition will be the formation of a powerful bloc. * * *

Though we appreciate the fact that his contributions to the welfare of his own nationality are considerable, we are nevertheless of the opinion that his endeavors, fine as they are, fail to contribute to any appreciable degree in the development of America.

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