Source: Cynthia B. Caples,
Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Consulate, Shenyang
This is the current draft of the Camp Hoten time line (with special
thanks to Roger Mansell, Kinue Tokudome, Linda Goetz Holmes and
Larry Wu):
Camp Hoten No. 1 - rough chronology (8 August 2005)
11 Nov 1942 - 1202 American POWs [1188 U.S. enlisted men
(ordinary soldiers) and 14 officers (highest-ranking officer
is Maj. Stanley H. Hankins)] arrive on the northeast side of
Fengtian, Mukden (modern Shenyang) from Manila via Pusan on the
Korean Peninsula, and are sent to the so-called North Camp, POW
Camp Hoten No. 1, then a group of old Chinese Army board barracks
built partly underground (there are eventually 19 barracks in
all; an additional 85 English and 15 Australian and New Zealand
troops who have joined them live in Barracks No. 13; ranking
British officer Maj. Robert Peaty is one of those who keep secret
diaries about camp life. Americans were
from the hell ship Tottori Maru
March 1943 - burial of 176 POWs, most of whom died
in the first 90 days at Camp Hoten; by summer 1943, a total of
205 have died, more than 17% of the American enlisted men in
Camp Hoten
Night of 21/22 June 1943 - two U.S. Marines and one American
seaman, Sgt. Joseph B. Chastain, Cpl. Victor Paliotti, and S1C
Ferdinand Meringolo, escape from Camp Hoten; using a map acquired
with the help of a Chinese fellow-worker, Mr. Gao Dechun, they
head for the border with the Soviet Union [Gao is subsequently
arrested, tortured, and sentenced to five years in prison for
his part in their escape]
29 June 29 1943 - Camp Hoten's Japanese commander Col.
Matsuda issues an 'address of instruction" saying that he
is angered by "the betrayal, the most outrageous and unfortunate
trouble that has been caused recently" (the attempted escape);
the men in their barracks undergo punishment
4 July 1943 - at the end of the punishment for the men
who shared the same barracks as the escapees, they are given
permission to clean up and air out their bedding
5 July 1943 - three POWs in Barracks 14 are beaten with
a large stick for having hung their blankets on the boundary
rope in front of the building, and forbidden to bathe for four
months
6 July 1943 - the three re-captured escapees are returned
to Camp Hoten
16 July 1943 - officers are allowed to make their second
purchase of food for the mess (round cheddar cheeses); for a
few weeks, food improves; prisoners are allowed to write postcards
home, and prisoners' mess receives tomatoes for the first time
(each prisoner had c. 3 slices apiece)
29 July 1943 -the camp is moved
c. four miles, to two-storey aboveground brick structures about
half a mile from the Manchu Kosaku Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha (Manchu
Work and Machine Tool Corporation Ltd.) factory, a former Ford
Co. factory where some of the camp inmates work under Chinese
supervision, disassembling machinery so that Japanese technicians
can make blueprints of it; camp inmates also work as farm and
construction labor; new camp is an improvement on the old one,
and rations are increased slightly, to above starvation level;
POWs begin a campaign of covert sabotage in order to frustrate
the Japanese war effort; 11 American and 2-3 British officers
are still alive
31 July 1943 - Col. Matsuda announces that the three American
POWs who attempted to escape, Chastain, Paliotti, and Meringolo,
have been executed at dawn.
Nov 1943 - first visit to Camp Hoten by a representative
of the International Red Cross (ICRC), who is told of the July
31 executions, which apparently have not previously been reported
in international channels by the Japanese authorities; in Dec.,
1943, the U.S. government initiates urgent attempts to gain official
confirmation, but the Japanese only provide it via the Swiss
in June 1944.
May 2 1944 - Hoten Sub-camp No. 1 established in the western
section of Hoten (as of 30 June, 1945, 150 POWs are there, working
at the Manshu Hikaku leather company)
24 June 1944 - Hoten Sub-camp No. 2 established in the
western section of Hoten (as of 30 June, 1945, 180 POWs are there,
working at the Manshu Hanpu cloth company)
? June 1944 - some American POWs sent from Camp Hoten
to Kamioka, Japan, to work in the lead mines there (as punishment
for sabotaging work at the factory in Mukden; see Linda Goetz
Holmes, 'Unjust Enrichment')
15 Aug 1944 - Hoten Sub-camp No. 3 established in the
western section of Hoten (as of 30 June, 1945, 125 POWs are there,
working at the Nakayama Seikosho steel company and Toyo Mukuzai
lumber company)
12 Nov 1944 - a group of at least 246 Allied officers
(including Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, highest-ranking American
POW) and enlisted men transferred from Taiwan (on the Oryoku
Maru) via Japan and Korea arrives at Zheng Village (Wade-Giles
spelling: Cheng-chiatun; now Shuangliao), at Hoten Branch Camp
No. 1 in Jilin Province, c. 100 miles north of Mukden (Hoten
Branch Camp No. 1 eventually totals 354? inmates)
01 Dec 1944 - smaller group of 34 Allied officers (includes:
Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, highest-ranking American POW in WWII;
Maj. Gen. E. P. King; Maj. Gen. G. F. Moore; Netherlands East
Indies [Java] Gov. General Tjarda von Starkenbergh Stachower;
Britain's highest-ranking POW, Gen. A. E. Percival, former commander
of Singapore; and some of their aides) is sent from the Zheng
branch camp to Hoten Branch Camp No. 2 in known as Xi'an County
(Wade-Giles spelling: Hsian; Japanese name: Seihan), now part
of the southern Jilin Province town of Liaoyuan, northeast of
Mukden.
06 Dec 1944 - second visit to Camp Hoten by an ICRC representative,
Mr. Axe from Switzerland, who is allowed to talk to M. Sgt. Joe
King and Pfc. Robert A. Brown under Japanese supervision.
07 Dec1944 - Allied B-29 bomber raids on Mukden factories
and rail lines; contrary to internationally accepted regulations
governing the housing of prisoners of war, Camp Hoten is situated
in a heavily industrialized area, next to an ammunition factory
and with a tank factory, airplane factory, and major railyard
nearby; the raid destroys the ammunition factory, but two of
the Allied bombs fall within the Camp Hoten perimeter, killing
19 of the POWs and injuring more than 30; 9 Dec., POWs demand
that medicine sent to them in personal packages be released to
them by their Japanese captors to treat the wounded; the Japanese
eventually agree to do so.
21 Dec 1944 - second wave of Allied B-29 air raids on
Mukden (it later turns out that c. 14 B-29 crew members have
been shot down and captured, and they are held near Camp Hoten
until the end of the war [see James Bollich, 'Bataan Death March:
A Soldier's Story'])
Feb 1945 - Capt. Ishikawa, Col. Matsuda's second-in-command
at Camp Hoten, and Japanese Dr. Kuwashima are transferred out
of Mukden
29 April 1945 - 134 men arrive including 103 survivors
of the last transport on the Japanese ship Oryoku Maru (from
which only 374 of the original 1619 POWs survived when the unmarked
ship was attacked by U.S. Navy fighter planes on Dec. 14, 1944)
are transferred from Japan to Camp Hoten, in poor physical condition
due to maltreatment.
20 May 1945 - Hoten Branch Camp No. 1 at Zheng Village,
Jilin Province, is closed, reportedly after the Allied officers
refuse to do fieldwork there, this being contrary to international
regulations which state that officer POWs may not be used as
labor force by their captors; 316 (??) Allied senior officers,
orderlies, and four civilians (mostly American, British, and
Dutch generals and colonels; senior officer is U.S. Maj. Gen.
George M. Parker, Jr.) are transferred from there to Camp Hoten.
As of 30 June 1945 - there are 1220 POWs interned at Camp
Hoten main camp, 150 at Hoten Sub-camp No. 1, 180 at Hoten Sub-camp
No. 2, and 125 at Hoten Sub-camp No. 3, as well as 34 mostly
high-ranking POWs at Hoten Branch Camp No. 2 in Xi'an.
05 Aug 1945 - newly-appointed International Committee
of the Red Cross head delegate to Tokyo, Dr. Marcel Junod, visits
Mukden en route to Tokyo.
06 Aug 1945 - ICRC's Dr. Junod visits Gen. Wainwright
at Xi'an; enraged by news of the dropping of the first atomic
bomb on Hiroshima by American pilots, Camp Hoten Japanese guards
beat and abuse the POWs, who are unaware of the Hiroshima events.
08 Aug 1945 - Soviet Union enters the Pacific War
16? 17? Aug 1945 - four-man American OSS Cardinal Mission
parachute group (Maj. Hennessy, Maj./Dr. Robert Lamar, Sgt. Edward
Starz, Cpl. Hal Leith) lands in Mukden, accompanied by an American
military interpreter (Sgt. Fumio Kido) and a member of the Chinese
Nationalist Army, to ensure the safety of the Allied prisoners.
18 Aug 1945 - low-flying Allied plane scatters leaflets
over Mukden announcing that Japan has surrendered; OSS Maj. Lamar
and Cpl. Leith leave by train for Xi'an.
19 Aug 1945 - first Red Army troops arrive by air; advance
units of the Soviet 6th Guards Tank Army enter Mukden (Soviet
troops will provide valuable assistance in the POW repatriation
effort; a number of Soviet officers including Maj. Gen. Pritula
are subsequently recommended for U.S. military decorations for
their services); POWs hold church services in thanksgiving for
the war's ending.
20 Aug 1945 - Russian general enters Camp Hoten, announces
that the Allied POWs are free
21 Aug 1945 - first (B-24) air evacuation of 18 POWs needing
immediate medical assistance
24 Aug 1945 - flightload of 29 (31?) former POWs with
urgent medical conditions leaves Mukden [subsequent flights depart
on Aug. 27 (36, including Gens. Wainwright and Percival); Aug.
30 (6); Sept. 2 (29); Sept. 4 (77); Sept. 5 (20); Sept. 6 (20);
and Sept. 7 (22)]
26 Aug 1945 - Lamar and Leith return from Xi'an with Wainwright's
group
29 Aug 1945 - 19-man POW Recovery Team No. 1 under Lt.
Col. James F. Donovan arrives to process POWs out for repatriation
(paperwork, issuance of new clothing, medical evaluation, identification
and exhumation for eventual repatriation of remains of those
buried in camp, etc.)
10-11 Sept 1945 - remaining American POWs leave Mukden
by train for embarkation at the port of Dairen (modern Dalian),
as the first stage of their return home (752 depart Mukden on
Sept. 10, and the rest on the 11th; sadly, c. 10 of the former
POWs are drowned shortly afterwards, washed overboard from the
destroyer Colbert off Okinawa during a typhoon) One man POW was
killed when the ship hit a mine.
19 Sept 1945 - POW Recovery Team No. 1 closes out its
Mukden operation, returns by air to Kunming HQ
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